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Lattice Vibrations, Part I: Solid State Physics 355

This document discusses lattice vibrations in solid state physics. It introduces the concept of lattice dynamics, where atoms in a crystal lattice are capable of vibrating around their equilibrium positions due to interactions with neighboring atoms. These collective vibrations form waves of allowed wavelengths and amplitudes. Applications of lattice vibrations include contributions to specific heat, thermal conductivity, elastic properties, and particle scattering effects. The document then discusses normal modes of vibration, dispersion relations, group velocity, force constants, and diatomic coupled harmonic oscillators.

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Rheza Al Blitariy
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236 views22 pages

Lattice Vibrations, Part I: Solid State Physics 355

This document discusses lattice vibrations in solid state physics. It introduces the concept of lattice dynamics, where atoms in a crystal lattice are capable of vibrating around their equilibrium positions due to interactions with neighboring atoms. These collective vibrations form waves of allowed wavelengths and amplitudes. Applications of lattice vibrations include contributions to specific heat, thermal conductivity, elastic properties, and particle scattering effects. The document then discusses normal modes of vibration, dispersion relations, group velocity, force constants, and diatomic coupled harmonic oscillators.

Uploaded by

Rheza Al Blitariy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lattice Vibrations, Part I

Solid State Physics


355
Introduction
Unlike the static lattice model, which deals with
average positions of atoms in a crystal, lattice
dynamics extends the concept of crystal lattice
to an array of atoms with finite masses that are
capable of motion.
This motion is not random but is a superposition
of vibrations of atoms around their equilibrium
sites due to interactions with neighboring atoms.
A collective vibration of atoms in the crystal
forms a wave of allowed wavelengths and
amplitudes.
Applications
Lattice contribution to specific heat
Lattice contribution to thermal conductivity
Elastic properties
Structural phase transitions
Particle Scattering Effects: electrons, photons,
neutrons, etc.
BCS theory of superconductivity
Normal Modes
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
5

u
1
u
2
u
3
u
4
u
5

x
1
x
2
x
3

u
1
u
2
u
3

Consider this simplified system...
Suppose that only nearest-neighbor interactions are significant, then
the force of atom 2 on atom 1 is proportional to the difference in the
displacements of those atoms from their equilibrium positions.
) (
and
) (
1 2 1 12
2 1 1 21
u u C F
u u C F
=
=
) (
and
) (
3 2 2 23
2 3 2 32
u u C F
u u C F
=
=
Net Forces on these atoms...
) (
) ( ) (
) (
2 3 2 3
3 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 1 1 1
u u C F
u u C u u C F
u u C F
=
=
=
Normal Modes
) (
) ( ) (
) (
2 3 2
2
3
2
3 2 2 1 2 1
2
2
2
2 1 1
2
1
2
u u C
dt
u d
m
u u C u u C
dt
u d
m
u u C
dt
u d
m
=
=
=
Mr. Newton...
To find normal mode solutions, assume that each displacement has the same
sinusoidal dependence in time.
t i
i i
e u u
e
0
=
0 ) (
0 ) (
0 ) (
3
2
2 2 2
3 2 2
2
2 1 1 1
2
1 1
2
1
= +
= + +
=
u m C u C
u C u m C C u C
u C u m C
e
e
e
Normal Modes
0
0
0
2
2 2
2
2
2 1 1
1
2
1
=

+

e
e
e
m C C
C m C C C
C m C
| | 0 3 ) ( 2
1 2 1
2
2 1
4 2 2
= + + u C C m C C m m e e e
Normal Modes
| |
| |
2 / 1
2 / 1
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1 3
2 / 1
2 / 1
2 1
2
2
2
1 2 1 2
1
) ( ) (
1
) ( ) (
1
0
C C C C C C
m
C C C C C C
m
+ + + =
+ + =
=
e
e
e
Longitudinal Wave
q
Transverse Wave
q
2
2
1 1
2
1 1
( ) ( )
( 2 )
n n n n
n n n
d u
m C u u C u u
dt
C u u u
+
+
=
= +
t i
i i
e u u
e
0
=

1
inqa iqa
n
u ue e

=
( )
2 ( 1) ( 1)
2
2cos
2
[ 2 ]
[ 2]
2
1 cos
inqa i n qa i n qa inqa
iqa iqa
qa
m ue C e e e
m C e e
C
qa
m
e
e
e
+

= +
= +
=
Traveling wave
solutions
Dispersion
Relation
Dispersion Relation
q
m C/ 4
e 0.6
qa
m C
2
1
sin
/ 4
=
e
First Brillouin Zone
What range of qs is physically significant for elastic waves?
iqa
n
ue u

1

=
iqa
inqa
qa n i
n
n
e
ue
ue
u
u


) 1 (
1
= =
+
+
The range t to +t for the phase qa covers all
possible values of the exponential. So, only values in
the first Brillouin zone are significant.
First Brillouin Zone
There is no point in saying that two adjacent atoms
are out of phase by more than t. A relative phase of
1.2 t is physically the same as a phase of 0.8 t.
First Brillouin Zone
At the boundaries q = t/a, the solution



Does not represent a traveling wave, but rather a
standing wave. At the zone boundaries, we have




Alternate atoms oscillate in opposite phases and the
wave can move neither left nor right.
inqa
n
ue u

=
n in
n
ue u ) 1 ( = =
t
] [sin
4
2
1
qa
m
C
= e
Group Velocity
The transmission velocity of a wave packet is the
group velocity, defined as

) q (
or
e
e
q g
g
v
dq
d
v
V =
=
] cos 1 [
2
2
qa
m
C
= e
] [cos
2
1
2
qa
m
Ca
dq
d
v
g
= =
e
q
] [cos
2
1
2
qa
m
Ca
dq
d
v
g
= =
e
Group Velocity
The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the phase of the
wave propagates in space. This is the velocity at which the phase of
any one frequency component of the wave will propagate. You
could pick one particular phase of the wave (for example the crest)
and it would appear to travel at the phase velocity. The phase
velocity is given in terms of the wave's angular frequency and
wave vector k by



Note that the phase velocity is not necessarily the same as the
group velocity of the wave, which is the rate that changes in
amplitude (known as the envelope of the wave) will propagate.

Phase Velocity
P
v
k
e
=
Long Wavelength Limit
When qa << 1, we can expand
so the dispersion relation becomes





The result is that the frequency is directly proportional
to the wavevector in the long wavelength limit.

This means that the velocity of sound in the solid is
independent of frequency.
2
2
1
) ( 1 cos qa qa ~
2 2
] [qa
m
C
= e
q v =
Force Constants
] cos 1 [
2
2
pqa C
m
p
p
=

e
a
C
dq rqa pqa C dq rqa m
p
a
a
p
a
a

2
) cos( ] cos 1 [ 2 ) cos(
0
2
t
e
t
t
t
t
=
=

} }
>
+

+
rqa cos
and integrate
The integral vanishes except for p = r. So, the force constant at range pa is




for a structure that has a monatomic basis.
}
+

=
a
a
p
dq pqa

ma
C
t
t
e ) cos(
2
2
Diatomic Coupled
Harmonic Oscillators
q

) 2 (
) 2 (
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
n n n
n
n n n
n
v u u C
dt
v d
m
u v v C
dt
u d
m
+ =
+ =

For each q value there are two values of .



These branches are referred to as acoustic
and optical branches. Only one branch
behaves like sound waves ( /q const. For q0).
For the optical branch, the atoms are oscillating
in antiphase. In an ionic crystal, these charge
oscillations (magnetic dipole moment) couple to
electromagnetic radiation (optical waves).

Definition: All branches that have a frequency
at q = 0 are optical.
Diatomic Coupled
Harmonic Oscillators
( ) qa
m m m m
m m
C
m m
m m
C cos 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
= e
e
q

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