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Programming Embedded Systems Seminar 4: Real-Time Constrains

This document discusses real-time constraints for embedded systems programming. It describes how to use hardware timers to create precise time delays, as software delays are not accurate enough. It also discusses implementing timeout mechanisms to handle situations where an event is not detected within a given time period. Exercises are provided to practice using timers to delay for milliseconds, set timeout periods, and display elapsed time on a serial port.

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38 views

Programming Embedded Systems Seminar 4: Real-Time Constrains

This document discusses real-time constraints for embedded systems programming. It describes how to use hardware timers to create precise time delays, as software delays are not accurate enough. It also discusses implementing timeout mechanisms to handle situations where an event is not detected within a given time period. Exercises are provided to practice using timers to delay for milliseconds, set timeout periods, and display elapsed time on a serial port.

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kt8815
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Programming embedded systems Seminar 4

REAL-TIME CONSTRAINS
Dr. Tran Thanh Hung Department of Automation Technology, College of Engineering, Can Tho University Email: [email protected]

Review
In the previous seminar, we know how to develop software that can be easy to understand, maintain and reuse.

In this seminar, we will look on a new issue: real-time. Many embedded systems require real-time operation.

Outline
How to satisfy real-time constraints for embedded systems? Precise time delays Timeout mechanisms

Seminar objectives
At the end of this seminar, by referring the lecture notes, students will be able to: understand issue of real-time use timers to create accurate time delays implement mechanisms for time-out

Real-time problems
Look at the program for reading a switch:
if (K1 == 0) //switch K1 pressed? { delay(20); //debounce if (K1 == 0) //K1 still pressed? { while (K1 == 0); return_value = 1; } }
Problem 1 Problem 2

Problem 1: Time delay is not exactly 20 ms Problem 2: What happen if the pin will not go high?

Problem 1: Precise time delay


Run Example 3.1 on debug mode Click on (Performance Analyzer Window) Right-click, chose setup PA In Function symbols area, double-click on delay, click Define and then Close Click on delay symbol to see the time that delay takes. Is that correctly 20ms?

Problem 1: Precise time delay


Software delays are not accurate enough for some applications. How to create precise time delays? Use hardware: Timers AT89S52 has 3 16-bit timers: Timer 0,Timer 1, Timer 2 These timers can be used to create accurate time delays. Note: Each timer has many functions. We only consider the function for measuring time in this seminar.

Problem 1: Precise time delay


Run any of your program in simulator, toggle Disassembler window Chose PeripheralTimerTimer 0 Chose Mode 1 Check TR0 Click to run the program step by step Look at while the program is running What do you see? Now set TH0 TL0 = FF F1 Click until TH0 TL0 = FF FF Look at TF0 while clicking one more time. What happen with TF0 and TH0 TL0?

Problem 1: Precise time delay


void delay_t0(void) { TMOD &= 0xF0; TMOD |= 0x01; //set Timer 0 mode 1 TH0 = 0; TL0 = 0; //set initial value of Timer TF0 = 0; //make sure overflow flag off TR0 = 1; //start Timer 0 while(TF0==0); //wait Timer 0 overflow (TF = 1) TR0 = 0; //stop Timer 0 } How long does it take to run this function? If OSC_FRE = 12000000, OSC_PER_INTS = 12 Timer 0 run at a speed: (OSC_FRE/OSC_PER_INTS)=1.000.000 times/second 1 increment of timer takes 1/1.000.000 seconds = 1 s 65536 increments take 65536 s = 65,536 ms If you want a shorter delay?

Problem 1: Precise time delay


void delay_t0(tWord x) { TMOD &= 0xF0; TMOD |= 0x01; //set Timer 0 mode 1 x = 65536 - x; TH0 = x/256;TL0 = x%256; //set initial value of Timer TF0 = 0; //make sure overflow flag off TR0 = 1; //start Timer 0 while(!TF0); //wait Timer 0 overflow (TF = 1) TR0 = 0; //stop Timer 0 } How long does it take to run this function? 1 increment of timer takes (OSC_PER_INTS/OSC_FRE) * 103 ms x increments take x *(OSC_PER_INTS/OSC_FRE) * 103 ms

Example 4.1
#include <main.h> #include <delay.h> void main (void) { while(1) { P1 = 0; // Turn LEDs on delay_t0(50000); P1 = 0xFF; // Turn LEDs off delay(50); } } Run this program in simulation, compare the time taken by delay and delay_t0 Maximum time-delay of delay_t0 = ? If you want a longer delay ?

Exercise 4.1
Write a delay ms function, using delay_t0
/******************************************************************************* * @fn delay_t0_ms(unsigned int _ms) * @brief Delay ms using delay_t0 (timer 0), independent MCU clock * @param _ms : number of ms needed to delay * @return void */

void timer_delay_ms(unsigned int _ms) Put functions delay_t0, delay_t0_ms in file delay.c and delay.h, so that these functions can be reused Modify exercise 3.1 to delay exactly 20ms (debound) Is that correctly 20ms?

Real-time problems
Look at the program for reading a switch:
if (K1 == 0) //switch K1 pressed? { delay_t0_ms(20); delay(20); //debounce if (K1 == 0) //K1 still pressed? { while (K1 == 0); return_value = 1; } }
Problem 1
Problem 2

Problem 1: Time delay is not exactly 20 ms Problem 2: What happen if the pin will not go high? How to solve Problem 2 ?

Problem 2: Time-out mechanisms


Set a time-out mechanism for waiting an event
tWord time_out_loop = 0;
if( K1 == 0 ) { delay_t0_ms(20); if(K1 == 0 ) { while (K1 == 0 & (++time_out_loop !=0) ); return_value = 1; } }

How to know the whether SW released or time out?

Problem 2: Time-out mechanisms


tWord time_out_loop = 0;

if( K1 == 0 ) { delay_t0_ms(20); if(K1 == 0 ) { while (K1 == 0 & (++time_out_loop !=0) ); if (K1 == 1) return_value = 1; } }

How do you change the time for time-out?

Problem 2: Time-out mechanisms


#define time_out 10000

tWord time_out_loop = 65536 - time_out;


if( K1 == 0 ) { delay_t0_ms(20); if(K1 == 0 ) { while (K1 == 0 & (++time_out_loop !=0) ); if (K1 == 1) return_value = 1; } }

How do you set the time for time-out?

Exercise 4.2
Write a program to set up time in ms for time-out, using timer 0 void set_time_out_ms(unsigned int _ms)

Note: Do not wait for timer overflow in this function


Put this function to file delay.c and delay.h Use this function to create a time-out mechanism in the program for reading switch (exercise 3.1)

Exercise 4.3
Write a program to send the running time to serial port in the following format: Hour : Minute : Second : x/10 second (Hour = 0-23, Minute & Second = 0-59, x = 0-9)
Notes: *Use the function delay_t0_ms in Exercise 4.1 to measure passing time and update Hour, Minute, Second, x *Use function printf() in <stdio.h> to send a string to serial port printf(Running time: %d : %d : %d : %d\n, Hour, Minute, Second, x); * Run the program in simulation, click on to see the time

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