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Chap 9

This document discusses satellite communications and related terminology. It covers: - Types of satellites based on coverage area and service (global, regional, national; fixed, broadcast, mobile) - Orbital classifications including altitude (LEO, MEO, GEO) and shape (circular, elliptical, inclined) - Frequency bands and link performance factors like distance and atmospheric attenuation - Multiple access techniques for allocating satellite capacity, including frequency division (FDMA) and time division (TDMA) modulation schemes

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coolboy_usama
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57 views

Chap 9

This document discusses satellite communications and related terminology. It covers: - Types of satellites based on coverage area and service (global, regional, national; fixed, broadcast, mobile) - Orbital classifications including altitude (LEO, MEO, GEO) and shape (circular, elliptical, inclined) - Frequency bands and link performance factors like distance and atmospheric attenuation - Multiple access techniques for allocating satellite capacity, including frequency division (FDMA) and time division (TDMA) modulation schemes

Uploaded by

coolboy_usama
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Satellite Communications

Satellite-Related Terms

Earth Stations antenna systems on or near earth Uplink transmission from an earth station to a satellite Downlink transmission from a satellite to an earth station Transponder electronics in the satellite that convert uplink signals to downlink signals

Ways to Categorize Communications Satellites

Coverage area

Global, regional, national Fixed service satellite (FSS) Broadcast service satellite (BSS) Mobile service satellite (MSS) Commercial, military, amateur, experimental

Service type

General usage

Classification of Satellite Orbits

Circular or elliptical orbit


Circular with center at earths center Elliptical with one foci at earths center Equatorial orbit above earths equator Polar orbit passes over both poles Other orbits referred to as inclined orbits Geostationary orbit (GEO) Medium earth orbit (MEO) Low earth orbit (LEO)

Orbit around earth in different planes


Altitude of satellites

Geometry Terms

Elevation angle - the angle from the horizontal to the point on the center of the main beam of the antenna when the antenna is pointed directly at the satellite Minimum elevation angle Coverage angle - the measure of the portion of the earth's surface visible to the satellite

Minimum Elevation Angle

Reasons affecting minimum elevation angle of earth stations antenna (>0o)

Buildings, trees, and other terrestrial objects block the line of sight Atmospheric attenuation is greater at low elevation angles Electrical noise generated by the earth's heat near its surface adversely affects reception

GEO Orbit

Advantages of the the GEO orbit


No problem with frequency changes Tracking of the satellite is simplified High coverage area Weak signal after traveling over 35,000 km Polar regions are poorly served Signal sending delay is substantial

Disadvantages of the GEO orbit


LEO Satellite Characteristics


Circular/slightly elliptical orbit under 2000 km Orbit period ranges from 1.5 to 2 hours Diameter of coverage is about 8000 km Round-trip signal propagation delay less than 20 ms Maximum satellite visible time up to 20 min System must cope with large Doppler shifts Atmospheric drag results in orbital deterioration

LEO Categories

Little LEOs

Frequencies below 1 GHz 5MHz of bandwidth Data rates up to 10 kbps Aimed at paging, tracking, and low-rate messaging Frequencies above 1 GHz Support data rates up to a few megabits per sec Offer same services as little LEOs in addition to voice and positioning services

Big LEOs

MEO Satellite Characteristics

Circular orbit at an altitude in the range of 5000 to 12,000 km Orbit period of 6 hours Diameter of coverage is 10,000 to 15,000 km Round trip signal propagation delay less than 50 ms Maximum satellite visible time is a few hours

Frequency Bands Available for Satellite Communications

Satellite Link Performance Factors

Distance between earth station antenna and satellite antenna For downlink, terrestrial distance between earth station antenna and aim point of satellite

Displayed as a satellite footprint (Figure 9.6) Affected by oxygen, water, angle of elevation, and higher frequencies

Atmospheric attenuation

Satellite Footprint

Satellite Network Configurations

Capacity Allocation Strategies

Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Time division multiple access (TDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Frequency-Division Multiplexing

Alternative uses of channels in point-to-point configuration

1200 voice-frequency (VF) voice channels One 50-Mbps data stream 16 channels of 1.544 Mbps each 400 channels of 64 kbps each 600 channels of 40 kbps each One analog video signal Six to nine digital video signals

Frequency-Division Multiple Access

Factors which limit the number of subchannels provided within a satellite channel via FDMA

Thermal noise Intermodulation noise Crosstalk

Forms of FDMA

Fixed-assignment multiple access (FAMA)

The assignment of capacity is distributed in a fixed manner among multiple stations Demand may fluctuate Results in the significant underuse of capacity Capacity assignment is changed as needed to respond optimally to demand changes among the multiple stations

Demand-assignment multiple access (DAMA)

FAMA-FDMA

FAMA logical links between stations are preassigned FAMA multiple stations access the satellite by using different frequency bands Uses considerable bandwidth

DAMA-FDMA

Single channel per carrier (SCPC) bandwidth divided into individual VF channels

Attractive for remote areas with few user stations near each site

DAMA set of subchannels in a channel is treated as a pool of available links

For full-duplex between two earth stations, a pair of subchannels is dynamically assigned on demand Demand assignment performed in a distributed fashion by earth station using CSC

Reasons for Increasing Use of TDM Techniques

Cost of digital components continues to drop Advantages of digital components

Use of error correction Lack of intermodulation noise

Increased efficiency of TDM

FAMA-TDMA Operation

Transmission in the form of repetitive sequence of frames


Each frame is divided into a number of time slots Each slot is dedicated to a particular transmitter
Sends data in assigned time slot Broadcast to all stations

Earth stations take turns using uplink channel

Satellite repeats incoming transmissions

Stations must know which slot to use for transmission and which to use for reception

FAMA-TDMA Uplink

FAMA-TDMA Downlink

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