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BASICS OF ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
PRESENT TENSE BE,
DEMONSTRATIVES,
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES,
PRESENT CONTINOUS,
CAN, PREPOSITIONS

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PRESENT TENSE BE

• The verb BE has three forms: AM,

IS, ARE, which we have to use
according to the pronoun or subject.
TO BE

Occupations Nouns Adjectives Places

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AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
Subject Verb Form Example

I AM I am a teacher.

You ARE You are a student.

He IS He is in the lab.

She IS She is my sister.

It IS It is a city.

We ARE We are friends.

They ARE They are doctors.

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NEGATIVE SENTENCES

You can make negative sentences similar to

the sentences before. The only different is to
add NOT after am, is, are, as you can see in
the following chart.

She is not sad They are not in the school

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NEGATIVE SENTENCES
I am not I`m not

He He`s not = He isn’t

She is not She’s not = She isn’t
It It’s not = It isn’t

We We’re not = We aren’t

You are not You’re not = You aren’t
They They’re not = They aren’t

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YES / NO QUESTIONS
• In English we have to kind of questions:
Yes/No questions and Wh-questions.
• The Yes / No Questions are called that
because the answers always start with Yes
or No
• Remember to answer Yes/No questions you
have to pay attention to the subject.

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YES / NO QUESTIONS
Affirmative Statement: John and Peter are students.
Yes / No question: Are John and Peter students?
Short Answers: Yes, they are / No, they aren’t
Full /Complete Answers: Yes, they are students. / No they
are not students.
Affirmative Statement: Mary is tall and thin.
Yes / No question: Mary tall and thin?
Is
Short Answers: Yes, she is / No, she isn’t
Full /Complete Answers: Yes, she is tall and thin. / No, she
is not tall and thin
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WH - QUESTIONS
• The wh-questions look for information
accoding to the question word.
• In this kind of questions you never
answer Yes or No, because they are
asking for some information. The
answer is a statement with the
information according to the question
word.

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WH - QUESTIONS
Wh-word Information Example
about…
What Things What is this? It is a book.
Name What is your name? Roberth.
Occupations What do you do? I am a driver.
Activities What is he doing? He’s working
Who People Who is the director of the school?
Carlos Samaniego.
Where Places Where is he? In the house.
How State How are you? I am sad.
Form / manner How is Loja? It is small.
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REVIEW
Statement Negative Statements Yes/No Question Short Answers

I am a teacher. I am not a teacher. Am I a teacher? Yes, you are / No, you are
not

You are a student. You are not a student. Are you a student? Yes, I am / No, I am not

He is in the lab. He is not in the lab. Is he in the lab? Yes, he is / No, he is not

She is my sister. She is not my sister. Is she my sister? Yes, she is / No, she is not

It is a city. It is not a city. Is it a city? Yes, it is / No, it is not

We are friends. We are not friends. Are we friends? Yes, we are / No, we are
not
They are doctors. They are not doctors. Are they doctors? Yes, they are / No they are
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DEMONSTRATIVES

We use THIS / THESE when the objects are near to the speaker.

This is a blackboard These are papers

THIS +Singular Nouns THESE + Plural Nouns

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DEMONSTRATIVES

We use THAT / THOSE when the objects are far from the
speakers.

That is a lake.
THAT + Singular Nouns
Those are mountains
THOSE + Plural Nouns
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DEMONSTRATIVES

Questions
• What is that?
That is an airplane.
• Is that a bird?
No, it is an airplane.

• What are those?

Those are books
• Are those books?
Yes, they are books.
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PLURAL NOUNS

Noun ending Forming the plural Examples

s, x, ch or sh Add -es boss - bosses
tax - taxes
bush - bushes
consonant + y Change y to i fly - flies
then try - tries
Add –es curry – curries
most others Add -s cat - cats
face - faces
day – days
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IRREGULAR PLURAL
Noun type Forming the plural Examples
Ends with -fe Change f to v knife - knives
then life - lives
Add –s wife - wives
Ends with –f Change f to v half - halves
then wolf - wolves
Add –es loaf - loaves
Ends with - o Add –es potato - potatoes
tomato - tomatoes
volcano - volcanoes
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IRREGULAR PLURAL
Noun type Forming the plural Examples
ALL KINDS Change the vowel man - men
or foot - feet
Change the word child - children
or person - people
Add a different tooth - teeth
ending mouse - mice
Unchanging Singular and plural sheep
are the same deer
fish (sometimes)
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POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
I My
You Your
He His
She Her +
It Its
We Our
They Their NOUN

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POSSESSIVE ADJTECTIVES

His shirt is
Her pants are new
blue

This is her cat

This is our
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POSSESSIVE FORM ‘S

Kevin’s wife is
Rose. Charlie’s book is
black.
His wife is Rose.

The Child’s mother is

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PREPOSITION OF PLACE
IN (dentro de) In the house in a shop
In a room in a town
In a car in a garden
ON (sobre una superficie) On a shelf on a wall
On a plate on the table
On a balcony on a door
AT (lugar específico) At the bus station at home
At the door at the top
At work at the end of
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PRESENT CONTINOUS

• The present Subject BE -ING

continous tense is FORM
used to describe I Am Singing
activities that
happen now, that He
means activities She Is Singing
that are develop in It
the moment of
We
speaking
You Are Singing
They
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PRESENT CONTINOUS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE YES/NO QUESTIONS

I am dancing I am not dancing Am I dancing?
You are eating You are not eating Are you eating?

He is sleeping He is not sleeping Is he sleeping?

She is reading She is not reading Is she reading?

It is running It is not running Is it running?

We are walking We are not walking Are we walking?

They are studying They are not studying Are they studying?

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RULES
Verb ending in... How to make the -ING Examples
form

1 vowel + 1 Double the consonant, swim - swimming

consonant then add –ING hit - hitting
get – getting

1 vowel + 1 Remove E, then add – coming

consonant + E- INGcome lose - losing
live – living
[anything else] Add –ING say - saying
go - going
walk - walking 23
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CAN / CAN’T

• Can is used to show ability

He can’t play the He can play

They can
piano football
dance

He can swim He can skate

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NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE YES/NO SHORT ANSWERS
QUESTIONS
I can cook I can not cook Can I cook? Yes, you can / No,you can´t
You can dance You can not dance Can you dance? Yes I can / No I can’t

He can play He can not play Can he play? Yes, he can / No, he can`t

She can swim She can not swim Can she swim? Yes, she can / No, she can’t

It can run It can not run Can it run? Yes, it can / No, it can’t

We can sing We can not sing Can we sing? Yes, we can / No, we can’t

They can walk They can not walk Can they walk ? Yes, they can / No, they can’t
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