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Boyer Moore Algorithm

The Boyer-Moore string matching algorithm preprocesses the pattern P and searches for occurrences of P in text T from right to left. It uses two rules - the Bad Character Rule and Good Suffix Rule - to determine how far to shift the pattern P when a mismatch occurs, allowing for shifts of multiple characters. This sublinear shifting property allows Boyer-Moore to have better performance than naive substring search in practice, though it has a worst case running time of O(nm) like other algorithms.

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146 views16 pages

Boyer Moore Algorithm

The Boyer-Moore string matching algorithm preprocesses the pattern P and searches for occurrences of P in text T from right to left. It uses two rules - the Bad Character Rule and Good Suffix Rule - to determine how far to shift the pattern P when a mismatch occurs, allowing for shifts of multiple characters. This sublinear shifting property allows Boyer-Moore to have better performance than naive substring search in practice, though it has a worst case running time of O(nm) like other algorithms.

Uploaded by

vivek patel
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Boyer Moore Algorithm

What Its About


A String Matching Algorithm Preprocess a Pattern P (|P| = m) For a text T (| T| = n), find all of the

occurrences of P in T

Right to Left
Matching the pattern from right to left For a pattern abc:

T: P:

bbacdcbaabcddcdaddaaabcbcb abc

Worst case is still O(n m)

The Bad Character Rule (BCR)


On a mismatch between the pattern and the

text, we can shift the pattern by more than one place.

Sublinearity!
ddbbacdcbaabcddcdaddaaabcbcb acabc

BCR Preprocessing
A table, for each position in the pattern and a

character, the size of the shift. O(m ||) space. O(1) access time. 1 2 3 4 5 a b a c b: a 1 1 3 3 3 1 2 3 4 5 b 2 2 2 5

BCR - Summary
On a mismatch, shift the pattern to the right

until the first occurrence of the mismatched char in P.


Still O(n m) worst case running time:

T: aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa P: abaaaa

The Good Suffix Rule (GSR)


We want to use the knowledge of the

matched characters in the patterns suffix.


If we matched S characters in T, what is (if

exists) the smallest shift in P that will align a sub-string of P of the same S characters ?

GSR (Case 1)
Example 1 how much to move:

T: bbacdcbaabcddcdaddaaabcbcb P: cabbabdbab cabbabdbab

GSR (Case 2)
Example 2 what if there is no alignment:

T: bbacdcbaabcbbabdbabcaabcbcb P: bcbbabdbabc bcbbabdbabc

GSR - Detailed
We mark the matched sub-string in T with t

and the mismatched char with x


1. In case of a mismatch: shift right until the

first occurrence of t in P such that the next char y in P holds yx


2. Otherwise, shift right to the largest prefix of

P that aligns with a suffix of t.

Boyer Moore Algorithm


Preprocess(P)

k := m

while (k n) do

Match P and T from right to left starting at k If a mismatch occurs: shift P right (advance k) by max(good suffix rule, bad char rule). else, print the occurrence and shift P right (advance k) by the good suffix rule.

Algorithm Correctness
The bad character rule shift never misses a

match
The good suffix rule shift never misses a

match

Preprocessing the GSR L(i)


L(i) The biggest index j, such that j < m and

prefix P[1..j] contains suffix P[i..m] as a suffix but not suffix P[i-1..m]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

P: b b a b b a a b b c a b b L: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 12

Preprocessing the GSR l(i)


l(i) The length of the longest suffix of P[i..m]

that is also a prefix of P

P: b b a b b a a b b c a b b l: 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1

Using L(i) and l(i) in GSR


If mismatch occurs at position m, shift P by 1
If a mismatch occurs at position i-1 in P:

If L(i) > 0, shift P by m L(i) else shift P by m l(i)

If P was found, shift P by m l(2)

Boyer Moore Worst Case Analysis


Assume P consists of m copies of a single

char and T consists of n copies of the same char:

T: aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa P: aaaaaa
Boyer Moore Algorithm runs in (m n) when

finding all the matches

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