Organic light-emitting diodes(OLED)

PRESENTED BY: PARITAM SONI SID: 13207012 M.E. ELECTRONICS

OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION HISTORY STRUCTURE OF OLEDs HOW OLEDs EMIT LIGHT TYPES OF OLEDs APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES FUTURE USES FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS

INTRODUCTION
OLED-Organic Light Emitting Diode Organic-Organic materials Definition-

Emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compounds which emits light in response to an electric current Electroluminescent layer organic semiconductor material is sandwiched between two electrodes One of these electrodes is transparent A device that is 100 to 500 nm thick or about 200 times smaller than a human hair.

HISTORY
First developed in the early 1950s in France. Early technology would emit a short burst of light when a high-voltage alternating current field is applied to crystalline thin films of acridine orange

and quinacrine 1960s AC driven electroluminescent cells using doped anthracene was developed The first diode device was invented at Eastman Kodak in the 1987 by Dr. Ching Tang and Steven Van Slyke

 1990 electroluminescence in polymers was discovered

2000 - Alan J.Heeger & Hideki Shrikawa received Nobel Prize in chemistry for The discovery and development of conductive organic polymer. 2008 announced the creation of consortium including Sony, Toshiba to produce OLED screen

Structure of OLEDs
Cathode Emissive Layer Conductive Layer Anode Substrate

Organic layers:
o

Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. Eg: polyaniline. Polystyrene.

Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different from that of conductive layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. Eg: polyfluorene, Alq3

Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device

Eg: Mg, Al, Ba, and Ca

Substrate - The substrate supports the OLED Eg: clear plastic, glass, foil Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron holes) when a current flows through the device Eg: Indium Tin Oxide

How OLEDs Emit Light ?

Voltage applied across Cathode and Anode

Typically 2V-10V

2.

Electron current flows from cathode to anode

Electrons flow to emissive layer Electrons removed from conductive layer leaving holes Electrons from emissive layer jump into holes of conductive layer

3.

Electron and hole recombine and light is emitted

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.
7.

Passive-matrix OLED Active-matrix OLED Transparent OLED Top-emitting OLED Flexible/Foldable OLED White OLED Phosphorescent OLED

Perpendicular cathode/anode strip orientation Light emitted at intersection (pixels)

 Full layers of cathode,

anode, organic molecules Thin Film Transistor matrix (TFT) on top of anode Less power consumed then PMOLED Used for larger displays

DIFFERENCE

Passive OLEDs The organic layer is between strips of cathode and anode that run perpendicular The intersections form the pixels Easy to make Use more power Best for small screens

Active OLEDs Full layers of cathode and anode Requires less power Higher refresh rates Suitable for large screens

 Transparent substrate,

cathode and anode Bi-direction light emission Passive or Active Matrix OLED Useful for heads-up display
Transparent projector

screen glasses

 Transparent Cathode Non Transparent or

Reflective Substrate Used with Active Matrix Device Smart card displays

 Flexiable metallic

foil or plastic substrate Light weight and ultra thin Reduce display breaking

 Emits bright white light Replace fluorescent lights Reduce energy cost for

lighting True Color Qualities Environmental friendly

7. Phosphorescent OLED
Use the principle of electroluminescence to convert

100% of electrical energy into light Good energy efficiencies Reduce heat generation Operate at very low voltage Long operating life time Environmental friendly

Portable device displays

Mobile phones Keyboards

Digital watches
Light sources

 Small OLED screen on every

key
113 OLED screens total Each key can be programmed to perform a series of functions Keys can be linked to

applications
Display notes, numerals, special symbols, etc...

Sony XEL-1
Released in Dec 2007 in Japan

Released worldwide in Feb 2009.

LG Display 19-inch OLED

Samsungs 40 inch OLED TV

ADVANTAGES OF OLEDs
OLED Displays Vs. LCD and Plasma
Much faster response time
Consume significantly less energy Wider viewing angles

Thinner display
No backlight required Better contrast ratio

Safer for the environment

Fast Response Time

Fast response time means full motion graphics can be displayed

Wide Viewing Angle

OLED Lighting Vs. Incandescent and Fluorescent

New design concepts for interior lighting

OLED Displays Vs. LCD and Plasma

Limited market availability

OLED Lighting Vs. Incandescent and Fluorescent

In Direct Sunlight

Nokia N00 OLED Display

Apple iPHONE LCD Display

Lighting Flexible / bendable lighting Wallpaper lighting defining new ways to light a space Transparent lighting doubles as a window
Cell Phones Nokia 888

Transparent Car Navigation System on Windshield Using Samsungs' transparent OLED technology Heads up display GPS system

Curved OLED Displays, placed on non flat surfaces

Scroll Laptop: Nokia concept OLED laptop

Data Glass
Developed by Students at the Fraunhofer Institute in Germany A pair of interactive data eyeglasses that can project an image onto the retina from an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) micro display, making the image appear as if it's a meter in front of the wearer. Similar headwear only throws up a static image, Just the movement of the eyeball, to scroll through information.

 Manufacturers focusing on finding a cheap way to produce Roll-to-Roll manufacturing Increasing efficiency of blue luminance Boosting overall lifespan

Roll-to-Roll Printing