Addressing the Network

– IPv4
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

Network Fundamentals – Chapter 6 A

Compiled by Peter J. Smith

1
 Objectives
 Explain the structure IP addressing and demonstrate the ability
to convert between 8-bit binary and decimal numbers.
 Given an IPv4 address, classify by type and describe how it is
used in the network
 Explain how addresses are assigned to networks by ISPs and
within networks by administrators
 Determine the network portion of the host address and explain
the role of the subnet mask in dividing networks.
 Given IPv4 addressing information and design criteria, calculate
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

the appropriate addressing components.

 Use common testing utilities to verify and test network
connectivity and operational status of the IP protocol stack on a
host.

2
 IP addressing – works at
 OSI model layer 3
 TCP/IP model Internet layer

Application HTTP, FTP,

Data TFTP, SMTP
Presentation stream etc Application
Session
Transport Segment TCP, UDP Transport
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

Network Packet IP Internet

Data link Frame Ethernet,
Network Access
WAN
Physical Bits technologies

3
 Addressing topics

 Binary and decimal

 Types of IP addresses
 Assigning addresses
 Network part and subnet masks
 Calculating addresses
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

 Ping and Traceroute Utilities

4
 Binary and decimal

 Convert to 8-bit binary

 248
 187
 89
 Convert to decimal
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

 00110100
 01010101
 11001111

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 248 to binary

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

248 120 56 24
-128 -64 -32 -16
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

120 56 24 8

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 187 to binary

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1

187 59 27 11 3
-128 -32 -16 -8 -2
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

59 27 11 3 1

7
 89 to binary

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

89 25 9
-64 -16 -8
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

25 9 1

8
 00110100 to decimal

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

32 16 4

32
+16
52
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

+ 4
52

9
 01010101 to decimal

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

64 16 4 1

64
+16
85
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

+ 4
+ 1
85

10
 11001111 to decimal

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1

128 64 8 4 2 1

128
+ 64
207
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

+ 8
+ 4
+ 2
+ 1
207
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 Binary and decimal

 Convert to 8-bit binary

 248 11111000
 187 10111011
 89 01011001
 Convert to decimal
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

 00110100 52
 01010101 85
 11001111 207

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 IPv4 address

192. 168. 21. 17

11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001

octet octet octet octet

network part host part

Prefix /24 Subnet mask:
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

255. 255. 255. 0

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

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 Find the network address

192. 168. 21. 17

11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001

In a network address, all the host bits are 0.

192. 168. 21. 0

11000000 10101000 00010101 00000000

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

The router needs to do this for every packet.

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 Logical AND

192. 168. 21. 17

11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001

255. 255. 255. 0

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

192. 168. 21. 0

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

11000000 10101000 00010101 00000000

Do a logical AND at each position

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 Find the broadcast address

192. 168. 21. 17

11000000 10101000 00010101 00010001

In a broadcast address, all the host bits are 1.

192. 168. 21. 255

11000000 10101000 00010101 11111111

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

The broadcast is the last address in the network.

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 3 types of address

 Every network has:

 Network address – the first one
 Broadcast address – the last one
 Host addresses – everything in between
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

17
 Classful addressing
A 10. 17. 53. 60

network part host part

B 172. 16. 38. 201

network part host part

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

C 192. 168. 21. 17

network part host part

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 Classful addressing

 Easy to work out but very wasteful.

 Routers and hosts still assume class subnet masks by
default
 Class A /8 255.0.0.0
 Class B /16 255.255.0.0
 Class C /24 255.255.255.0
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

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 Classless addressing

 Any suitable prefix can be used

 We (and devices) need to know what the prefix is.
 More flexible, less wasteful.
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

20
 Classless addressing /16

 172.16.0.0/16 mask 255.255.0.0

 Broadcast address 172.16.255.255
172. 16. 0. 0

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.255.254

 65534 host addresses

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 Classless addressing /24

 172.16.0.0/24 mask 255.255.255.0

 Broadcast address 172.16.0.255
172. 16. 0. 0

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.254

 254 host addresses

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 Classless addressing /22

 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.252.0

 Broadcast address 172.16.3.255
172. 16. 0. 0

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.3.254

 1022 host addresses

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 Classless addressing /26
 172.16.0.0/22 mask 255.255.255.192
 Broadcast address 172.16.0.63

172. 16. 0. 0

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.62

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

 62 host addresses

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 Classless addressing /28
 172.16.0.0/28 mask 255.255.255.240
 Broadcast address 172.16.0.15

172. 16. 0. 0

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

 Hosts 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.14

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

 14 host addresses

25
 Calculating addresses

 A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/24

 What is the subnet mask?
 What is the network address?
 What is the broadcast address?
 What is the range of host addresses in the network?
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

26
 192.168.1.70/24 – fill in the table
Last octet binary Last octet Full
decimal

Host

Subnet mask

Network

Broadcast
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

First host

Last host

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 192.168.1.70/24
Last octet binary Last octet Full
decimal

Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70

Subnet mask 00000000 0 255.255.255.0

Network 00000000 0 192.168.1.0

Broadcast 11111111 255 192.168.1.255

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

First host 00000001 1 192.168.1.1

Last host 11111110 254 192.168.1.254

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 Calculating addresses

 A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/26

 What is the subnet mask?
 What is the network address?
 What is the broadcast address?
 What is the range of host addresses in the network?
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

29
 192.168.1.70/26 fill in the table
Last octet Last octet Full
binary decimal

Host

Subnet mask

Network

Broadcast
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

First host

Last host

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 192.168.1.70/26
Last octet Last octet Full
binary decimal

Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70

Subnet mask 11000000 192 255.255.255.192

Network 01000000 64 192.168.1.64

Broadcast 01111111 127 192.168.1.127

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

First host 01000001 65 192.168.1.65

Last host 01111110 126 192.168.1.126

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 Calculating addresses

 A host has IP address 192.168.1.70/28

 What is the subnet mask?
 What is the network address?
 What is the broadcast address?
 What is the range of host addresses in the network?
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

32
 192.168.1.70/28 fill in the table
Last octet Last octet Full
binary decimal

Host

Subnet mask

Network

Broadcast
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

First host

Last host

33
 192.168.1.70/28
Last octet Last octet Full
binary decimal

Host 01000110 70 192.168.1.70

Subnet mask 11110000 240 255.255.255.240

Network 01000000 64 192.168.1.64

Broadcast 01001111 79 192.168.1.79

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

First host 01000001 65 192.168.1.65

Last host 01001110 78 192.168.1.78

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 Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast

 Unicast – a message addressed to one host

 Broadcast – a message addressed to all hosts on a
network. Uses network’s broadcast address or
255.255.255.255 locally
 Multicast – a message addressed to a group of hosts.
Uses an address starting 224 - 239
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

35
 Private IP addresses

 Unrestricted use on private networks. Not routed across

the Internet.
 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8)
 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/20)
 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/24)
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

36
 Public IP addresses

 Routed over the Internet

 Master holder is IANA
 Assigned to regional registries and then to ISPs
 ISPs allocate them to organisations and individual
users
 Use is strictly controlled as duplicate addresses are not
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

allowed

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 Special addresses

 0.0.0.0 “all addresses” in default route. Hosts cannot be

given addresses starting 0.
 127.0.0.1 is loopback. Hosts cannot be given
addresses starting 127.
 240.0.0.0 and higher – reserved for experimental
purposes.
 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255 local only
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255 for teaching

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 Network address translation

 A large number of hosts on a network use private

addresses to communicate with each other.
 The ISP allocates one or a few public addresses.
 NAT allows the hosts to share the public addresses
when they want to use the Internet
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

39
 Addressing hosts

 Static addressing – address is configured by an

administrator
 Servers, printers, routers, switches need static
addresses
 Dynamic addressing – address is allocated
automatically by DHCP by leasing addresses from a
pool
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

 Dynamic addressing is best for workstations

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 Blocks of addresses
Use Address range Summary

Network address 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.0/25

User hosts 192.168.1.1-127

Servers 192.168.1.128 - 191 192.168.1.128/26

Peripherals 192.168.1.192 - 223 192.168.1.192/27

Network devices 192.168.1.224 - 253 192.168.1.224/27

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

Router 192.168.1.254

Broadcast 192.168.1.255

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 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Last octet binary
Address 192.168.1.0 00000000

Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 00000000

Borrow 1 bit from host part, give it to network part, /25

Addresses 192.168.1.0 00000000
192.168.1.128 10000000
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

Subnet mask 255.255.255.128 10000000

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 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 2 bits from host part, give to network part, /26
Addresses 192.168.1.0 00000000
192.168.1.64 01000000
192.168.1.128 10000000
192.168.1.192 11000000

Subnet mask 255.255.255.192 11000000

© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

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 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 3 bits from host part, give to network part, /27
Addresses 192.168.1.0 00000000
192.168.1.32 00100000
192.168.1.64 01000000
192.168.1.96 01100000
192.168.1.128 10000000
192.168.1.160 10100000
192.168.1.192 11000000
192.168.1.224 11100000
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

Subnet mask 255.255.255.224 11100000

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 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Borrow 4 bits from host part, give to network part, /28
192.168.1.0 192.168.1.128 00000000 10000000
192.168.1.16 192.168.1.144 00010000 10010000
192.168.1.32 192.168.1.160 00100000 10100000
192.168.1.48 192.168.1.176 00110000 10110000
192.168.1.64 192.168.1.192 01000000 11000000
192.168.1.80 192.168.1.208 01010000 11010000
192.168.1.96 192.168.1.224 01100000 11100000
192.168.1.112 192.168.1.240 01110000 11110000
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

Subnet mask 255.255.255.240 11110000

And so on…
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 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24

 Every time you borrow another bit you:

Double the number of subnets
Halve the size of the subnets
 Each subnet has a network address, a broadcast
address, and everything in between is a host address.
 Here are some ways of visualising the process.
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

46
 Subnetting 192.168.1.0/24
Bits borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6

No of networks 2 4 8 16 32 64

Prefix /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30

Bit value/ network 128 64 32 16 8 4

size

No of hosts 126 62 30 14 6 2
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

Subnet mask 128 192 224 240 248 252

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 Address space

 Make a spreadsheet or table with numbers 0 to 255

 Link to show table
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

48
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

Subnet chart

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 Subnetting

 There are many subnet calculators, but you will not be

able to use them in exams.
 Start with the biggest subnet and work down to the
smallest.
 Make sure the subnets are valid sizes with valid subnet
masks.
 Make sure that there are no overlaps.
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

50
 Ping and traceroute

 Ping sends an ICMP message. If all is well, the

destination replies. If not, a router may reply to say the
destination is unreachable, or the ping may time out.
 Traceroute sends a series of messages so that each
router along the path replies. You get a list of
addresses of all the routers.
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

51
 IPv6

 Development started in 1990s because of concerns

about IPv4 addresses running out
 A whole new protocol suite – not just layer 3
 Uses 128-bit hierarchical addressing, written using
hexadecimal
 Simpler header
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

 Integrated security – authentication, privacy

 Quality of service mechanisms

52
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

Summary

53
© 2008 Peter J. Smith. All rights reserved.

54