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Utterance Sentence and Proposition

This document discusses the relationship between propositions, sentences, and utterances. It defines an utterance as any stretch of talk by a speaker, a sentence as a string of words that follows grammatical rules, and a proposition as the meaning or state of affairs described by a declarative, imperative, or interrogative sentence. Sentences are composed of words, while propositions are abstract meanings that can be expressed across languages. Propositions involve persons, things, or facts, and can be evaluated as true or false. The document provides examples to illustrate the differences between utterances, sentences, and propositions.

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2K views

Utterance Sentence and Proposition

This document discusses the relationship between propositions, sentences, and utterances. It defines an utterance as any stretch of talk by a speaker, a sentence as a string of words that follows grammatical rules, and a proposition as the meaning or state of affairs described by a declarative, imperative, or interrogative sentence. Sentences are composed of words, while propositions are abstract meanings that can be expressed across languages. Propositions involve persons, things, or facts, and can be evaluated as true or false. The document provides examples to illustrate the differences between utterances, sentences, and propositions.

Uploaded by

خزين الاحسان
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT 2

UTTERANCE, SENTENCE AND PROPOSITION


Objective of the study: To understand the kind of family tree relationship between propositions, sentences, and utterances. I. Utterance: Is any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after which there is a silence on the part of that person / physical events are lasting for short times. An utterance use by: - a particular speaker - a particular accasion - a piece of language, such as: a sequence of sentences a single sentence a single clause a single phrase a single word Example : John: Who is she? Nancy: I`ve never seen her before

II. Sentence: is neither a physical event nor a physical object / defined as a string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language. a sentence can be : thought of as an ideal string of words behind various realizations in utterances and inscriptions - cenceived abstractly - consists of : - the same words and the same order - Any change in the words or in order makes a different sentence. Example: John only loves Mary Only John loves Mary Semantics: is concerned with the meaning of NON Sentences such as: words, phrases, just as much as with whole sentences that involve propositions

III. Proposition : is that part of the meaning of the utterances of a declarative sentence / imperative / interrogative which describes some state of affairs typically involves: persons / things referred to by expression in the sentence. In uttering a declarative sentence: a speaker typically assert a proposition. The notion of : a proposition is central to semantics truth can be used to declare wheter two sentences express different propositions : 1. True propositions correspond to facts. (can be known imperative/interrogative) Example : Can Herman do the job? 2. False propositions do not correspond to facts (declarative sentence). Example : Herman can do the job. Example: 1. Is it a fact that there are tigers in Kalimantan jungles? Yes / No. (is the proposition that there are tigers Kalimantan jungles a true proposition? / interrogative) Propositions involved: - in the meanings of declarative sentences. - in the meanings of other types of sentences such: (Imperative/interrogative)

Note: Two sentences in different Languages can correspond to the same proposition, if: The two sentences are perfect translation of each other. Example: I have accepted her invitation Saya telah menerima undangannya (perempuan) Proposition unlike sentences: if can not be said to belong to any particular language. Family relationship between: Proposition, sentence and utterance. Proposition: - is an object of thought. - are not equal to thought THOUGHT: because are usually held to be private personal, mental processes, where as propositions are public. Some Important Point: a. Sentences are written in Italic typeface b. Utterances are written between double quotation marks. c. Propositions are written in a different way which will be presented later.

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