Turbomachinery

MEng 4151

Pre-requisite Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics References Dixon (Fourth and Fifth Edition) Grant Ingram White (Fluid Mechanics) Evaluation Scheme oTests (20 %) oAssignments (20 %) oProjects (20 %) oFinal Exam (40 %)

Contents
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TURBOMACHINERY FLOW THROUGH CASCADES AXIAL FLOW TURBINES AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS AND FANS CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS, FANS AND BLOWERS DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND MODEL STUDIES CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS HYDRAULIC TURBINES

CHAPTER ONE: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TURBOMACHINES

Contents: Comparison between positive displacement machines with turbomachines. Energy equation Eulers equation of energy transfer Work and efficiencies in turbines and compressors.

Comparison between positive displacement machines with turbomachines

Positive displacement machines are those in which fluid is moved as a result of displacement of the boundary (e.g.:- Piston). A Turbomachine is a device that exchanges energy with a fluid using continuously flowing fluid and rotating blades. [ebook 2]

Applications
Electricity generation (Hydro Turbines, Steam and Gas Turbines, Wind Turbines) Jet engine (Multi-stage Turbines and Multi-stage Compressors coupled) Industrial and miscellaneous service (Air Compressors in Pneumatic systems, pumps in hydraulic and cooling systems and also in steam generating cycle) HVAC (Pumps, blowers, fans) Refrigerators (centrifugal compressor) Agriculture (pumps) Automobiles (Radiator i.e air fan, Turbocharger i.e energy recovery unit) Propellers in ships

Components of A simple turbomachine

Rotor: It is the main component and consists of the circumferentially arrayed blades or buckets around a circular disc, a hub or a shaft. Stator: It is also called guide vane which directs the flow into the stator blades for maximum utilization of the fluid energy. Casing: It is the component of many turbo machines which distributes the flow through each rotor blades. It allows flow to enter and leave the turbomachine after extracting energy and also prevents losses as a result of splash out flow and leakage. Shaft: It transmit energy between the turbomachine and another coupled system like a motor or generator.

Classification of Turbomachines
Based on the direction of energy flow - Machines that extract energy from the fluid are generally termed as Turbines. - Machines that delivers energy to the fluid are pump, compressor, fan and blower. Based on the nature of fluids used (either liquid or gas) - Liquid operated turbomachines: Water turbines and pumps. - Gas operated turbomachines: Compressors, Steam turbines, Gas turbines, Wind turbine Blower and fan. Based on the flow direction - Axial flow turbomachines: In this case the fluid flow is much like parallel to or along the axis of rotation or shaft alignment. - Radial flow turbomachines: In this case the fluid flow is much of radially outward from or inward to the center of the rotor. - Mixed flow turbomachines: In this case the flow is characterized by both axial and radial effects.

Energy extracting devices

E
Energy delivering devices

Radial

Axial

Mixed

Energy Equation
The Reynolds transport theorem for energy equation is given by
=

1 2 + + + 2

1 2 + + . 2

Assumption - Steady flow across the turbomachine blade control volume. - elevation change is neglected - Rate of heat flow and viscous work are fairly negligible compared to the shaft work Equation reduces to 1 2 1 2 = [ ( + )] [ ( + )] 2 2 The specific shaft work is 1 2 1 2 = = 1 + 1 (2 + 2 ) 2 2

Stagnation Enthalpy
Stagnation enthalpy is the enthalpy attained by the working fluid in turbomachine when it is brought to rest adiabatically or isentropically. 1 2 0 = + 2 = 01 02

Turbine

Compressor

2 /2 2 /2

Energy equation from the torque (Eulers Equation)

The angular momentum equation of the Reynolds transport theorem for a non deformable CV is given by 0 = 0 = + (. )A 0 = = ( )

= [

The cross product implies the radius is multiplied by the component of the velocity perpendicular to the radius, which is the tangential velocity. = (2 2 1 1 ) This is the torque applied on or by the shaft. The resulting power is simply the product of the torque and the angular velocity of the turbomachine. = (2 2 1 1 )

= .

Differential volume element crossing a surface boundary

Surface Boundary

Work and Isentropic efficiency

Thermodynamically interpretation of efficiency = 01 02 = 02 01 Literally efficiency is defined as the ratio of output work to input work. = Loss in thermodynamic sense is irreversibility that gives rise to change in entropy. Therefore, isentropic efficiency compares the irreversible process to the reversible one. 01 02 02 01 02 01 = = = = 01 02 01 02 02 01

For liquids like water the enthalpy is directly referred from thermodynamic table with the knowledge of the state temperature and pressure as = @,

 In case of gas compression in compressors and gas expansion in gas turbines, polytropic state relation is defined as:

= , where is termed as polytropic index and is dependent on the process. For isothermal process ( = 1)
For adiabatic process ( = ), where =

2 1

2 1

Ideal gas approximation can be fairly applied to compressors and gas turbines which involves either high temperature or pressure or both. = Substituting from the ideal gas equation into the polytropic state relation = 2 2 1 = 1 1

 For adiabatic process 2 2 = 1 1 Employing ideal gas approximation = or =

01 02 = 01 02 = 01
=
01 02 01 02

02 01

01 02 01 02

01 02 01 02

1(02 /01 ) 1(02 /01 )

02 01 02 01

02 01 02 01

02 01 02 01

02 01 02 01

1 1

1 1 02 01 1 02 1 01 02 1 01

1(02 /01 )

Infinitesimal Stages efficiency

Infinitesimal stage efficiency Ideal gas Consideration The polytropic efficiency for an infinitesimal compressor stage is =

For isentropic process = + = Substituting, (/) = = Rearranging, 1 = Integrating both sides, 1 ln = ln

= Ideal gas 0

 / 1 1 = = = = / Again substituting, 1 1 ln = ln Between two points 2 2 = 1 1 Derive the polytropic efficiency for infinitesimal turbine stages 2 2 = 1 1
1 1 1

1
2 2

2
B 1

2 1 < 1 + + +
0 < > 0

1 2 < 1 + + +

Reheat factor
It applies for steam turbines since vapor do not obey the ideal gas relations. = [ 1 + + + )]/(1 2 )
= ( )/ (1 2 ) 1 2 1 2 = = = 1 2 1 2
When the difference between inlet and exit velocities are negligible

Conservation of mass
For steady flow through a control volume of a system inlet mass flow rate is equal to exit mass flow rate . = 1 1 1 = 2 2 2
2 2 Area for axial flow : 1 = 2 = 2 or 1 = 2 = (2 1 ) 4 Area for radial flow : 1 = 21 and 2 = 22

Radial

Axial

Velocity Triangles for Stages

A stage is a combination of a stator and rotor blades either in compressor or turbine. It can be a single stage or multi stages. Since most turbomachines are assumed to be steady flow systems, the parameters of interest are the ones on the surface boundaries (inlet and exit boundaries) of the CV. So we are going to deal with velocity triangles at the inlet and exit of the rotor and stator blades of a stage.

Example

Example

Example

Example

Solution