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Hub

Hub function at the Physical layer (Layer 1)

It is not an intelligent Device

It works with 0s and 1s (Bits) It works with broadcast Bandwidth is shared It has 1 Broadcast Domain and 1 Collision Domain Collisions are identified using Access Methods called CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA
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Broadcast Domain & Collision Domain Broadcast Domain Set of all devices that receive broadcast frames

originating from any device within the set.

Collision domain In Ethernet, the network area within which frames that have collided are propagated is called a collision domain. A collision domain is a network segment with two or more devices sharing the same bandwidth. Repeaters and hubs propagate collisions, LAN switches,
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bridges, and routers do not.

Switch

Switches function at Datalink layer (Layer 2) It is An Intelligent device It maintains MAC address table (hardware address) Each port of the switch have fixed bandwidth It works with Flooding and Unicast It has 1 Broadcast domain and Number of Collision domains depends upon the number of ports.

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Types of Switches

Manageable switches On a Manageable switch an IP address can be assigned and configurations can be made. It has a console port .

Unmanageable switches On an Unmanageable switch configurations cannot be made, an IP address cannot be assigned as there is no console port.

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Bridge Vs Switch Bridge Bridges are software based Bridges have lesser no. of ports Generally used for connecting two different topology (Segment) Switch Switches are hardware based Switches have higher no. of ports Generally used for connecting single topology (Segment)

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Router

It is a Network layer device (Layer 3) It is an Intelligent device It works with Logical Addressing (i.e. IP,IPX,AppleTalk) It works with Fixed bandwidth Number of Broadcast domains depends upon the number of ports and Number of Collision domains depends upon the number of ports.

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How many Broadcast & Collision Domains

E0

E1

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Broadcast Domains

E0

E1

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Collision Domains

E0

E1

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Ciscos Hierarchical Design for switches

Cisco divided the Switches into 3 Layers Access Layer Switches Switches Series : 1900 & 2900 Distribution Layer Switches Switches Series : 3000 & 5000 Core Layer Switches Switches Series : 7000, 8000 & 10,000

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Access Layer Switch

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Switch MAT Formation

2 1 3 4 1

3 4 2

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Switching Modes
Three types of Switching Mode : Store & Forward A Default switching method for distribution layer switches. Latency : High Error Checking : Yes Fragment Free It is also referred to as Modified Cut-Through A Default Switching method for access layer switches. Latency : Medium Error Checking : On 64 bytes of Frame Cut through A Default switching method for the core layer switches Latency : Low Error Checking : No Latency is the total time taken for a Frame to pass through the Switch. Latency depends on the switching mode and the hardware capabilities of the Switch.

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STORE AND FORWARD

Whenever, a Frame is received by the Switch Stores the complete Frame

Runs CRC on complete Frame

If, Error

If, No Error

Contact Source Transport Layer

Check MAT

If, Entry is there

If, Entry is not there Flooding

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Unicast

Fragment Free
Whenever, a Frame is received by the Switch

Checks the first 64 Bytes of the Frame

Check for 64 bytes of the Frame Header

If, Error

If, No Error

Contact Source Transport Layer

Check MAT

If, Entry is there

If, Entry is not there Flooding

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Unicast

Cut-through Mode

Whenever, a Frame is received by the Switch

Check MAT If, Entry is not there Flooding

If, Entry is there

Unicast

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CATALYST 2900 XL SERIES Switch

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Console Connectivity

Connect a rollover cable to the Switch console port (RJ-45 connector). Connect the other end of the rollover cable to the RJ-45 to DB-9 adapter Attach the female DB-9 adapter to a PC Serial Port. Open emulation software on the PC.

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Emulation Software

WINDOWS Start Programs Accessories Communications HyperTerminal HyperTerminal. Give the Connection Name & Select Any Icon

Select Serial (Com) Port where Switch is Connected.

In Port Settings Click on Restore Defaults

LINUX # minicom -s

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Console Connectivity

E0

Con 0

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24

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abc

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C2950 Boot Loader (C2950-HBOOT-M) Version 12.1(11r)EA1, RELEASE SOFTWARE Compiled Mon 22-Jul-02 17:18 by antonino WS-C2950-24 starting... Base ethernet MAC Address: 00:0f:90:b2:ad:40 Xmodem file system is available. Initializing Flash... flashfs[0]: 82 files, 4 directories flashfs[0]: 0 orphaned files, 0 orphaned directories flashfs[0]: Total bytes: 7741440 flashfs[0]: Bytes used: 5985792 flashfs[0]: Bytes available: 1755648 flashfs[0]: flashfs fsck took 7 seconds. ...done initializing flash. Boot Sector Filesystem (bs:) installed, fsid: 3 Parameter Block Filesystem (pb:) installed, fsid: 4 Loading "flash:/c2950-i6q4l2-mz.121-19.EA1c.bin"...############################# ####################################################################### ####################################################################### #######################################################################

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File "flash:/c2950-i6q4l2-mz.121-19.EA1c.bin" uncompressed and installed, entry point: 0x80010000 executing... Restricted Rights Legend Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013. cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, California 95134-1706 Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2950 Software (C2950-I6Q4L2-M), Version 12.1(19)EA1c, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2) Copyright (c) 1986-2004 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Mon 02-Feb-04 23:29 by yenanh Image text-base: 0x80010000, data-base: 0x8058A000

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Initializing flashfs... flashfs[1]: 82 files, 4 directories flashfs[1]: 0 orphaned files, 0 orphaned directories flashfs[1]: Total bytes: 7741440 flashfs[1]: Bytes used: 5985792 flashfs[1]: Bytes available: 1755648 flashfs[1]: flashfs fsck took 7 seconds. flashfs[1]: Initialization complete. Done initializing flashfs. POST: System Board Test : Passed POST: Ethernet Controller Test : Passed ASIC Initialization Passed POST: FRONT-END LOOPBACK TEST : Passed cisco WS-C2950-24 (RC32300) processor (revision N0) with 20808K bytes of memory. Processor board ID FOC0814T119 Last reset from system-reset Running Standard Image 24 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 32K bytes of flash-simulated non-volatile configuration memory

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Base ethernet MAC Address: 00:0F:90:B2:AD:40 Motherboard assembly number: 73-5781-12 Power supply part number: 34-0965-01 Motherboard serial number: FOC08140FBW Power supply serial number: DAB0812572D Model revision number: N0 Motherboard revision number: B0 Model number: WS-C2950-24 System serial number: FOC0814T119 00:00:14: %SPANTREE-5-EXTENDED_SYSID: Extended SysId enabled for type vlan 00:00:18: %SYS-5-RESTART: System restarted -Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2950 Software (C2950-I6Q4L2-M), Version 12.1(19)EA1c, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2) Copyright (c) 1986-2004 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Mon 02-Feb-04 23:29 by yenanh 00:00:21: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/8, changed state to up 00:00:21: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/10, changed state to up 00:00:21: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/24, changed state to up 00:00:22: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/8,

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00:00:22: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/8, changed state to up 00:00:23: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/9, chang ed state to up 00:00:23: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/10, chan ged state to up 00:00:23: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/16, chan ged state to up 00:00:23: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/24, chan ged state to up 00:00:14: %SPANTREE-5-EXTENDED_SYSID: Extended SysId enabled for type vlan 00:00:18: %SYS-5-RESTART: System restarted -00:00:49: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface Vlan1, changed state to administratively down 00:00:50: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Vlan1, changed state to down --- System Configuration Dialog ---

Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no

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Switch> Switch>enable

User Mode

Privileged Switch# show running-config Building configuration... Mode Current configuration : 1427 bytes ! version 12.1 no service pad service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log uptime no service password-encryption ! hostname Switch ! ! !

-More--

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spanning-tree mode pvst no spanning-tree optimize bpdu transmission spanning-tree extend system-id ! ! interface FastEthernet0/1 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/2 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/3 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/4 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/5 no ip address --More--

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no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/4 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/5 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/6 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/7 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/8 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/9 --More--

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no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/10 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/11 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/12 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/13 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/14 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/15 --More--

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no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/16 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/17 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/18 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/19 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/20 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/21 --more--

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interface FastEthernet0/23 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/24 no ip address ! interface Vlan1 no ip address no ip route-cache shutdown ! ip http server ! ! line con 0 line vty 0 15 ! End

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Switch# show startup-config startup-config is not present Switch# show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2950 Software (C2950-I6Q4L2-M), Version 12.1(19)EA1c, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2) Copyright (c) 1986-2004 by Cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Mon 02-Feb-04 23:29 by yenanh Image text-base: 0x80010000, data-base: 0x8058A000 ROM: Bootstrap program is C2950 boot loader Switch uptime is 2 minutes System returned to ROM by power-on System image file is "flash:/c2950-i6q4l2-mz.121-19.EA1c.bin" cisco WS-C2950-24 (RC32300) processor (revision N0) with 20808K bytes of memory. Processor board ID FOC0814T119 Last reset from system-reset Running Standard Image 24 FastEthernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 32K bytes of flash-simulated non-volatile configuration memory. --more--

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Base ethernet MAC Address: 00:0F:90:B2:AD:40 Motherboard assembly number: 73-5781-12 Power supply part number: 34-0965-01 Motherboard serial number: FOC08140FBW Power supply serial number: DAB0812572D Model revision number: N0 Motherboard revision number: B0 Model number: WS-C2950-24 System serial number: FOC0814T119 Configuration register is 0xF Switch# show flash Directory of flash:/ 2 -rwx 2980731 Mar 01 1993 00:03:19 c2950-i6q4l2-mz.121-19.EA1c.bin 3 -rwx 269 Jan 01 1970 00:01:25 env_vars 4 -rwx 1554 Mar 01 1993 02:05:59 startup-configt 6 -rwx 584 Mar 01 1993 04:05:27 vlan.dat 7 -rwx 110 Mar 01 1993 00:01:45 info 8 drwx 2432 Mar 01 1993 00:04:49 html 86 -rwx 1558 Mar 01 1993 00:20:22 start-config 7741440 bytes total (1755648 bytes free)

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switch65# Show mac-address-table Mac Address Table ------------------------------------------Vlan Mac Address Type --------------------All 000f.90b2.ad40 STATIC All 0100.0ccc.cccc STATIC All 0100.0ccc.cccd STATIC All 0100.0cdd.dddd STATIC 1 0000.0c09.9677 DYNAMIC 1 0000.0c34.60cc DYNAMIC 1 0000.0c3b.a686 DYNAMIC 1 0000.0c93.01e1 DYNAMIC 1 0002.4483.5da0 DYNAMIC 1 0002.44d0.279e DYNAMIC 1 000b.2b0e.f2fd DYNAMIC 1 000b.2b0f.6499 DYNAMIC 1 000b.2b0f.659f DYNAMIC 1 000f.90c2.2a18 DYNAMIC Total Mac Addresses for this criterion: 20

Ports ----CPU CPU CPU CPU Fa0/24 Fa0/24 Fa0/24 Fa0/24 Fa0/24 Fa0/7 Fa0/8 Fa0/9 Fa0/10 Fa0/24

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switch65# Show interface status Port Name Status Fa0/1 notconnect Fa0/2 notconnect Fa0/3 notconnect Fa0/4 notconnect Fa0/5 notconnect Fa0/6 notconnect Fa0/7 connected Fa0/8 connected Fa0/9 connected Fa0/10 connected Fa0/11 notconnect Fa0/12 notconnect Fa0/13 notconnect Fa0/14 notconnect Fa0/15 notconnect Fa0/16 connected Fa0/17 notconnect -- More--

Vlan 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Duplex auto auto auto auto auto auto a-full a-full a-full a-full auto auto auto auto auto a-full auto

Speed auto auto auto auto auto auto a-100 a-100 a-100 a-100 auto auto auto auto auto a-100 auto

Type 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX

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Fa0/18 Fa0/19 Fa0/20 Fa0/21 Fa0/22 Fa0/23 Fa0/24

notconnect notconnect notconnect notconnect notconnect notconnect connected

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

auto auto auto auto auto auto a-full

auto auto auto auto auto auto a-100

10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX 10/100BaseTX

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Switch# configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Global Configuration Switch(config)# hostname switch65Mode vlan 1 switch65(config)# interface switch65(config)# Interface Vlan 1

switch65(config-if)# ip address <ip> <mask> switch65(config-if)# ip address 192.168.20.65 255.255.255.0

switch65(config-if)# no shutdown switch65(config-if)# exit switch65(config)# line vty 0 15 switch65(config-line)# password zoom switch65(config-line)# login switch65(config-line)# exit switch65(config)# line con 0 switch65(config-line)# password zoom switch65(config-line)# login switch65(config-line)# exit

switch65(config-if)# no shutdown

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switch65(config)# enable password ccna switch65(config)# Enable password switch65(config)# enable secret zoom <password> switch65(config)# exit switch65(config)# Enable Secret switch65(config)# ip default-gateway 192.168.20.1 switch65#

<password>

00:05:52: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

switch65# show running-config version 12.1 service timestamps log uptime no service password-encryption ! hostname switch65 ! enable secret 5 $1$HCas$c90gclaV5OV309I/TVGbh. enable password ccna ! --More--

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ip subnet-zero ! ! spanning-tree mode pvst no spanning-tree optimize bpdu transmission spanning-tree extend system-id ! ! interface FastEthernet0/1 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/2 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/3 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/4 --more--

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no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/5 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/6 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/7 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/8 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/9 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/10 no ip address --More--

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interface FastEthernet0/11 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/12 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/13 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/14 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/15 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/16 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/17 --More--

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! interface FastEthernet0/18 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/19 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/20 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/21 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/22 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/23 no ip address --More--

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interface FastEthernet0/24 no ip address ! interface Vlan1 ip address 192.168.20.65 255.255.255.0 no ip route-cache ! ip http server ! line con 0 password zoom login line vty 0 15 password zoom login ! end

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switch65#show startup-config startup-config is not present switch65# copy running-config startup-config Destination filename [startup-config]? Building configuration... [OK] switch65# show startup-config Using 1591 out of 32768 bytes version 12.1 no service pad no service password-encryption ! hostname switch65 ! enable secret 5 $1$HCas$c90gclaV5OV309I/TVGbh. enable password ccna ! --More--

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ip subnet-zero ! ! spanning-tree mode pvst no spanning-tree optimize bpdu transmission spanning-tree extend system-id ! ! interface FastEthernet0/1 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/2 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/3 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/4 --more--

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no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/5 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/6 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/7 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/8 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/9 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/10 no ip address --More--

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interface FastEthernet0/11 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/12 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/13 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/14 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/15 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/16 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/17 --More--

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! interface FastEthernet0/18 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/19 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/20 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/21 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/22 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet0/23 no ip address --More--

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interface FastEthernet0/24 no ip address ! interface Vlan1 ip address 192.168.20.65 255.255.255.0 no ip route-cache ! ip http server ! line con 0 password zoom login line vty 0 15 password zoom login ! end

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Switch MAT Formation

AC
2 AA 1 3 4 Source: AA Dest: AC 1 2 BB

3
4

BC BC
MAC Port

AA AB BD

AA is Ping AC
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Switch MAT Formation

AC
2 AA 1 3 Source: AC Dest: AA 4 1 2 BB

3
4

BC
MAC Port

AA AC AB BD

1 1

AC is Reply Back to AA
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Packet Will Get Drop i.e Wont be send back to the Same port no 1

Switch MAT Formation

AC
2 AA 1 3 Source: BB Dest: BC 4 1 2 BB

3
4

BC
MAC Port

AA AC AB BD BB

1 1 3

BB is Pinging BC Naveen Patel

Switch MAT Formation

AC
2 AA 1 3 Source: BC Dest: BB 4 1 2 BB

3
4

BC
MAC Port

AA AC AB BD

1 1

BB
BC

3
4

BC is Replying Naveen Patel back to BB

Switch MAT Formation

AC
2 AA 1 3 4 1 2 BB

3
4

BC
MAC Port

AA AC AB BD BB

1 1 3

BC
BD AB

4
2 1

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