DEFENSIVE DRIVING

DEFENSIVE DRIVING

OBJECTIVES
To know the hazards & danger involved in driving a vehicle and take necessary precautions to save lives, time and money.

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Light

Defensive Driving

Vehicle

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Defensive Driving: ?
It is the driving to save lives, time & money inspite of the conditions around you and the actions of others. Conditions: Roads, weather, traffic, light etc.

Actions of others: Violations, discourtesy, lack of knowledge of other Drivers etc.

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TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS:
Every 8th minute, there is 01 road casualty in India. There are 11 accidents for every 1000 vehicles. Every year out of 01 lacs unnatural deaths in India, nearly 68000 (more than 34%) are due to road accidents. Mostly males, who are earning members in the family, die.

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SPOTS OF ACCIDENTS:
Narrow Roads Turns Slopes & climbs Straight Roads 385 414 296 15.26% 16.38% 11.71%

1431 56.65%

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ACCIDENT BLACK SPOTS:
Uncontrolled junction Bus stop

Gaps within Road Dividers

On street Parking places Building access (while reversing) Road Bend National Highway

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ACCIDENTS DO NOT HAPPEN, THEY ARE CAUSED.

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STOP
Do not cause stop next Accidents need to be stopped By whom ? How ? By defensive driving.

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Factors involved for causing road accidents
Light Road Weather Vehicle Traffic Driver

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ORDER OF THE DAY
Jumping red lights Violating traffic rules Crushing an injury

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ROAD SPACE
Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & International Standard;

Delhi

25% of urban area

Mumbai
Kolkata International Standard

12% of urban area

6% of urban area 25% of urban area

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ROAD USERS IN INDIA
Pedestrians: No Footpath No Zebra Crossing

They cross out of zebra crossing

Bus Stops not provided Walk in groups Creating fun on the road They do not walk facing the incoming traffic

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ROAD USERS IN INDIA
Animals:

Foster Animals (Dogs, Cats etc.)

Slow moving animals (Cow, Buffalo etc.) They are not visible at night.

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ROAD USERS IN INDIA
Vehicles:

Major vehicles are old

Roughly handled Poorly maintained

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DRIVER Low education level Inadequate training

Easily obtained License

Lack of knowledge of rules & regulations Long working hours fatigue Health fitness is poor

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DRIVER
Drinking habits Emotional stress

Over confidence in driving

Seeing Ability: -Colour blindness -40% elderly drivers can not see road signs at night. -10 to 30 times more illumination level is required to see at night.

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DRIVER
Physical stress Illumination Knowledge and skill Attitude

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Traffic Control Devices Promote Safety Types:
Traffic Signs
Road Markings Traffic signals Hand Signal

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ROAD MARKING
Central Line Lane line Double while lines Stop lines

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Two way road

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Slow

Medium

High

Marking in the lane

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Centre line

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Road Safety Signs

Cautionary

Informatory

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Road Safety Signs
Mandatory Signs:-

In accordance with the Motor Vehicles Act 1988, every driver of a motor vehicle shall drive the vehicle in conformity with any indication given by the mandatory signs.

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Road Safety Signs
Cautionary Signs:-

Cautionary signs are meant for cautioning the driver about the hazards lying ahead on the road. The driver should obey these for safety.

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Road Safety Signs
Informatory Signs:-

Informatory signs are erected on the road to provide information on direction, destination, roadside facilities, etc. to the road user.

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Road Safety Signs

Railway crossing sign board: 200 Meters & 100 Meters before the crossing.

For road sign boards: before 50 meters each.

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TRAFFIC SIGNALS

Stop
Ready

Go

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TRAFFIC SIGNALS

Stop

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Factors affecting driving skills
Fatigue (overworking hours) Stop when you feel tired/ sleepy, take rest, tea & arrange other driver to drive. Medicine (calmpose, avil, benadryl) Disturb mind Distraction (pet, children at back seat, loud music, etc.) Drunken driving

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Sign of Fatigue
Constant yawning Driving across the lane

Eyes closing
Difficulties in keeping head up Increase/ decrease of speed

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Mental Stress

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LOADING

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Overloading a serious problem
Maximum permissible single axle loading is 10.2 T. For tandem axle it is 19 T. Majority vehicles are mostly two axle rigid vehicles. Container revolution has added to the problem and 90% vehicles carry excess load.

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RESULT OF OVERLOADING
Damage to the Road Stress on axle, steering, wheels, brakes & chesis

Physical stress to the driver causing fatigue

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TYRES & ROAD SAFETY
Tyres form a vital link between vehicle and road. Safe journey depends largely on the fitness of tyres.

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Radial

Radial

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Ordinary

Ordinary

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Radial

Ordinary

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ALCOHOL & DRIVING
Effects of alcohol; Promotes risk taking

Lower reflexes
Vision and hearing capacity diminishes Reaction time increases No control over controlling devices

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ALCOHOL & DRIVING
Driving errors: Fast & slow

Wrong lane
Running over the footpath Not signaling Quick & jerky start Changing lanes frequently

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DRUGS
Effects; discuss

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EMERGENCIES
Bursting of tyres
Skidding Brake failure Bonnet flies up Accelerator sticks

Vehicle stalls
Running off the road Fire

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BREAKDOWN
Inform convoy supervisor Switch on warning lights Keep vehicle away from movement of traffic Display warning triangle Apply hand brake

Convoy supervisor will inform to the control room

Control room will inform emergency breakdown control point.

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MECHANICAL FAILURE
Brake failure What to do? Tyre burst What to do? Sudden loss of acceleration

What to do?
Bonnet flies up What to do?

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If vehicle lights go off
Keep the vehicle straight on the road, slowly Take to the shoulder

Brake to stop
Park

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FIRE
Disconnect the battery. Discuss, what to do?

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Responsibility in case of Accident
Inform police; -if to man

-if to animal
-in case of Fire

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Accidents (what to do?)
Note the vehicle no. Stop the vehicle

Switch on warning lights

Render first-aid to injured Rush to the hospital Inform police, irrespective who is at fault. Get medically checked if you also have received injury or head hit.

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Accidents (what to do?)
Note the name of Driver, license no.

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PEDESTRIANS
They walk on the roads and have risks. Safety hints for pedestrians;

Use footpath, keep away from the edge of the carriage way.
If no footpath, walk on the extreme edge on the road facing oncoming traffic. Watch pot holes, fruit skins and other obstacles on the road.

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PEDESTRIANS Never play on the road and footpath. Use footwear to avoid injury from glass pieces, nails, etc.

At night/ dark cloudy weather, wear light colour clothes.

Never accept a ride from strangers. While crossing the road, use the zebra crossing, if a zebra crossing is not available, choose a safe point where traffic is clearly visible on both the sides.

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PEDESTRIANS Never cross a blind curve Five steps for crossing a road;

1. Stop at the curve 2. Look to your right 3. Look to your left

4. Look to your right again

5. If the road is clear, walk straight across. Do not run.

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PEDESTRIANS

At an intersection, never try to cross diagonally.

Do not cross in between parked vehicles or run out from behind them.

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COLLISION WITH PEDESTRIANS Common type of accident Major injury/ death is sure

Causes;

1. Living in road sides 2. Many people walk on the road as if they are walking in the garden. 3. They move without making visible lights

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COLLISION WITH PEDESTRIANS Remedy; Be alert

Blow horn
Slow down Give them priority

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TYPES OF RAILWAY CROSSINGS

Manned Unmanned

Indicators provided
Collision is common

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COLLISION

Electrical poles/ walls etc. Many while reversing

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COLLISION WITH ANIMALS

Cows, buffalos, horses, cats, dogs, etc.

REMEDY

Slow down

Their behaviour is unpredictable

Give them priority

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COLLISION WITH BICYCLE

It is a vehicle Expected to follow traffic rules

Two wheelers are vulnerable to death

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Convoy at cross roads What to do? discuss

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Expecting collision with approaching vehicle Stay left Do not cross centre line.

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Collision with an oncoming vehicle
Rule 1: Read the road ahead Rule 2: Drive to the left

Never crowd the central line. Ride in the centre of a lane & give the centre line plenty of room. Make a habit of using the far left lane.
Rule 3: Reduce speed Slow down, blow horn/ flash your lights to warn the erring driver. Continue slowing down and be prepare to stop until the hazard is gone.

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Rule 4: Ride on the left off the road If oncoming vehicle is still on your path, you have only one choice left, to right ride off the road on the left, either on the footpath or even to the ditch, if necessary. The negative fear of overturning should be avoided. Anything is better than a head-on-collision.

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VEHICLE BEHIND You are equally responsible from a cross from behind a vehicle.
Keep watch through rear view mirror. Indicate them by indicator or by hand. Avoid sudden stop.

Allow the vehicle to pass/ dont increase your speed.

If the vehicle does not pass, slow down.

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OVERTAKING
Most accidents happen while overtaking/ being overtaken. You may have head on collision & a side sweep or run off the road.

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DO NOT OVERTAKE
On a marked NO OVERTAKING ZONE. On curves On hills 100 meters before & at railway crossing or cross roads. A vehicle, slowing down to give way to pedestrians

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Avoid following too closely
Reaction time: 3/4th of a second Gap between the vehicles: keep one vehicle distance for every 10 kmph speed.

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Defensive Driving Good Habits
Observation; -Who, where, when & what to look for.

Communication
Coordination Consideration

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DISCOURTESY
Excess speed Reckless passing

Crossing the lane

Blocking the traffic Excessive horn Wrong signaling These are in your hand.

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COOPERATIVE DRIVING
Not blocking the intersection Using signals while turning or changing the lane

Not following too closely

Smooth driving Changing the lane correctly

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Keep your mind cool, Manage stress

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SCHEDULE DELAY
Plan your trip, this will reduce driving time. Hurry leads to mistakes and accidents Beware of bad weather, traffic conditions & route.

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ATTITUDE
Willing to admit mistakes Tolerance towards the mistakes of others Respect for the law Respect for other road users

Courtesy

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EFFECT OF OVER SPEED
Impact is more

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DAILY INSPECTIONS:
Leakage of Oil, hydraulic oil & fuel Oil, hydraulic oils & water levels Lights & indicators Horn Reverse horn & lights

Wipers
Tyre pressure Jack, wooden plate & spare parts

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DAILY INSPECTIONS: Presence of safety equipments
Brakes

Tyres
Fire extinguishers Rear view mirrors

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CONCLUSION
As a defensive driver, you must be always alert on the road.