C Case control statements

The statements which are used to execute only specific block of statements in a series of blocks are called case control statements There are 4 types of case control statements in C language They are, 1. switch 2. break 3. continue 4. goto

1 switch case statement in C:

Switch case statements are used to execute only specific case statements based on the switch expression Below is the syntax for switch case statement

switch (expression) { case label1: statements; break; case label2: statements; break; default: statements; break; }

Example program for switchcase statement in C:

#include <stdioh>
int main () { int value = 3; switch(value) { case 1: printf("Value is 1 \n" ); break; case 2: printf("Value is 2 \n" ); break; case 3: printf("Value is 3 \n" ); break; case 4: printf("Value is 4 \n" ); break; default : printf("Value is other than 1,2,3,4 \n" ); } return 0; }

For Loop
Basic syntax to use for loop is:

for (variable initialization; condition to control loop; iteration of variable) { statement 1; statement 2; }
Variable initialization is the initialization of counter of loop Condition is any logical condition that controls the number of times the loop statements are executed Iteration is the increment/decrement of counter

Loop can run infinitely if condition is set to TRUE always or no condition is specified For example: for (;;) If loop contain only one statement then braces are optional; generally it is preferred to use braces from readability point of view for (j=0;j<5;j++) printf("j);

# include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { float num,average,sum; int i,n; printf("Maximum no of inputs\n"); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;++i) { printf("Enter n%d: ",i); scanf("%f",&num); if(num<0.0) break; //for loop breaks if num<0.0 sum= sum+ num; } average=sum/(i-1); printf("Average=%2f",average); getch(); }

continue Statement
It is sometimes desirable to skip some statements inside the loop. In such cases, continue statements are used. Syntax of continue Statement continue; Just like break, continue is also used with conditional if statement.

# include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,num,product; for(i=1,product=1;i<=4;++i) { printf("Enter num%d:",i); scanf("%d",&num); if(num==0) continue; / *In this program, when num equals to zero, it skips the statement product*=num and continue the loop. */ product*=num; } printf("product=%d",product); getch(); }

goto statement in C
A goto statement in C programming language provides an unconditional jump from the goto to a labeled statement in the same function. NOTE: Use of goto statement is highly discouraged in any programming language because it makes difficult to trace the control flow of a program, making the program hard to understand and hard to modify. Any program that uses a goto can be rewritten so that it doesn't need the goto.
goto label; .. . label: statement;

Here label can be any plain text except C keyword and it can be set anywhere in the C program above or below to goto statement.

#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main () { /* local variable definition */ int a = 10; /* do loop execution */ LOOP:do { if( a == 15) { /* skip the iteration */ a = a + 1; goto LOOP; } printf("value of a: %d\n", a); a++; } while( a < 20 ); getch(); }

#include<stdio.h> #includ<conio.h> void main() { int num,r,sum,temp; int min,max;

printf("Enter the minimum range: "); scanf("%d",&min);

printf("Enter the maximum range: "); scanf("%d",&max);

printf("Armstrong numbers in given range are: "); for(num=min;num<=max;num++){ temp=num; sum = 0;

while(temp!=0){ r=temp%10; temp=temp/10; sum=sum+(r*r*r); } if(sum==num) printf("%d ",num); }

getch(); }

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n, first = 0, second = 1, next, c; printf("Fibonacci Series in C using for loop\n\n"); printf("Enter the number of terms\n"); scanf("%d",&n); printf("First %d terms of fibonacci series are :-\n",n); for ( c = 0 ; c < n ; c++ ) { if ( c <= 1 ) next = c; else { next = first + second; first = second; second = next; } printf("%d\n",next); } getch(); return 0; }

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int k,r; long int i=0l,j=1,f; printf("Enter the number range:"); scanf("%d",&r); printf("FIBONACCI SERIES: "); printf("%ld %ld",i,j) for(k=2;k<r;k++) { f=i+j; i=j; j=f; printf(" %ld",j); } getch(); }

#include

<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int n, c, k; printf("Enter an integer in decimal number system\n"); scanf("%d", &n); printf("%d in binary number system is:\n", n); for (c = 31; c >= 0; c--) { k = n >> c; if (k & 1) printf("1"); else printf("0"); } printf("\n"); getch(); }

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { int i,j,rows; printf("Enter the number of rows: "); scanf("%d",&rows); for(i=1;i<=rows;++i) { for(j=1;j<=i;++j) { printf("* "); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }

* ** *** **** *****

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main() { int i,j,rows; printf("Enter the number of rows: "); scanf("%d",&rows); for(i=1;i<=rows;++i) { for(j=1;j<=i;++j) { printf("%d ",j); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }

1 12 123 1234 12345

A #include<stdio.h> BB #include<conio.h> CCC int main() DDDD { EEEEE int i,j; char input, temp='A'; printf("Enter uppercase character you want in triangle at last row: "); scanf("%c",&input); for(i=1;i<=(input-'A'+1);++i) { for(j=1;j<=i;++j) printf("%c",temp); ++temp; printf("\n"); } getch(); }

#include<conio.h> 0 #include<stdio.h> 01 void main() 010 { 0101 int i,j,n; clrscr(); printf("\nEneter the no of lines to be printed: ");
scanf("%d",&n); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { for(j=0;j<=i;j++) { if(j%2==0) printf("0"); else printf("1"); } printf("\n"); } getch(); }

ARRAY
An array is a sequence of data item of homogeneous value(same type). Arrays are of two types: One-dimensional arrays Multidimensional arrays Declaration of one dimension Array data_type array_name[array_size]; For example: int age[5]; Initialization of one-dimensional array: Arrays can be initialized at declaration int age[5]={2,4,34,3,4}; It is not necessary to define the size of arrays during initialization. int age[]={2,4,34,3,4};

Arrays
Array

Name of array (Note that all elements of this array have the same name, c)

Group of consecutive memory locations c[1] Same name and type c[2] c[3] To refer to an element, specify c[4] Array name c[5] Position number c[6] c[7] Format: c[8] arrayname[ position number ] c[9] First element at position 0 c[10] c[11] n element array named c: c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ]...c[ n 1 ]

c[0]

-45 6 0 72 1543 -89 0 62 -3 1 6453 78

Position number of the element within array c

Array elements are like normal variables c[ 0 ] = 3; printf( "%d", c[ 0 ] ); Perform operations in subscript. If x equals 3 c[ 5 - 2 ] == c[ 3 ] == c[ x ]

INPUT 5 ELEMENTS & DISPLAY IT

Output: Enter a[0] elements:23 Enter a[1] elements:13 Enter a[2] elements:33 Enter a[3] elements:53 Enter a[4] elements:5 Array elements are a[0]=23 a[0]=13 a[0]=33 a[0]=53 a[0]=5

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { Int a[5]; Int i; Clrscr(); for(i=0;i<5;i++) { printf(\n Enter a[%d] elements:", I); scanf(%d, &a*i+); } Printf(Array elements are\n); for(i=0;i<5;i++) printf(a*%d+=%d\n, a*i+); getch(); }

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main() { int marks[10],i,n,sum=0; printf("Enter number of students: "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=0;i<n;i++) { printf(Enter the marks of student %d,i+1); scanf(%d,&marks[i]); sum+=marks[i]; } printf(sum=%d,sum); getch(); }

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> int main() { long int decimalNumber,remainder,quotient; int binaryNumber[100],i=1,j; printf("Enter any decimal number: "); scanf("%ld",&decimalNumber); quotient = decimalNumber; while(quotient!=0) { binaryNumber[i++]= quotient % 2; quotient = quotient / 2; } printf("Equivalent binary value of decimal number %d: ",decimalNumber); for(j = i -1 ;j> 0;j--)

printf("%d",binaryNumber[j]);
getch(); }

1 /* Fig. 6.8: fig06_08.c Outline 2 Histogram printing program */ 3 #include <stdio.h> 4 #define SIZE 10 5 6 int main() 7 { 8 int n[ SIZE ] = { 19, 3, 15, 7, 11, 9, 13, 5, 17, 1 }; 9 int i, j; 10 11 printf( "%s%13s%17s\n", "Element", "Value", "Histogram" ); 12 13 for ( i = 0; i <= SIZE - 1; i++ ) { 14 printf( "%7d%13d ", i, n[ i ]) ; 15 16 for ( j = 1; j <= n[ i ]; j++ ) /* print one bar */ 17 printf( "%c", '*' ); 18 19 printf( "\n" ); 20 } 21 22 return 0; 2000 Prentice H 23 }

Strings
Character arrays
String first is really a static array of characters Character arrays can be initialized using string literals
char string1[] = "first";

Null character '\0' terminates strings string1 actually has 6 elements

It is equivalent to char string1[] = { 'f', 'i', 'r', 's', 't', '\0' };

Can access individual characters

string1[ 3 ] is character s

Array name is address of array, so & not needed for scanf

scanf( "%s", string2 );

Reads characters until whitespace encountered Can write beyond end of array, be careful

DEMO OF C STRING
OUTPUT: HELLO TULIKA

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { Char str*+= Tulika; Clrscr(); printf(Hello %s\n,str); getch(); }

STRING Vs CHARACTER ARRAY

Hello Tulika

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> void main() { char str*+=,T,u,l,I,k,a-; clrscr(); printf(Hello %s\n,str); getch(); }

C String functions: String.h header file supports all the string functions in C language. All the string functions are given below.

String functions Description 1. strcat ( ) Concatenates str2 at the end of str1. 2. strcpy ( ) Copies str2 into str1 3. strncpy ( ) copies given number of characters of one string to another 4. strlen ( ) gives the length of str1. 5. strcmp ( ) Returns 0 if str1 is same as str2. Returns <0 if strl < str2. Returns >0 if str1 > str2. 6. strrev ( ) reverses the given string