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Interpolation Direct Method

This document discusses different interpolation methods including direct, linear, quadratic, and cubic interpolation. It provides examples of using each method to find the velocity of a rocket at t=16 seconds given velocity-time data. Linear interpolation estimates velocity as 7.393 m/s, quadratic as 19.392 m/s, and cubic as 6.392 m/s. The cubic method has the lowest error compared to the other data points. Additional examples calculate the distance traveled and acceleration of the rocket using the cubic interpolation equation.

Uploaded by

Sri Peni Wijayanti
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
367 views

Interpolation Direct Method

This document discusses different interpolation methods including direct, linear, quadratic, and cubic interpolation. It provides examples of using each method to find the velocity of a rocket at t=16 seconds given velocity-time data. Linear interpolation estimates velocity as 7.393 m/s, quadratic as 19.392 m/s, and cubic as 6.392 m/s. The cubic method has the lowest error compared to the other data points. Additional examples calculate the distance traveled and acceleration of the rocket using the cubic interpolation equation.

Uploaded by

Sri Peni Wijayanti
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.

edu 1
Interpolation

Topic: Direct Method

Major: General


http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 2
What is Interpolation ?

Given (x
0
,y
0
), (x
1
,y
1
), (x
n
,y
n
), find the
value of y at a value of x that is not given.


http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 3
Velocity vs Time

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 4
Interpolants
Polynomials are the most common
choice of interpolants because they
are easy to:
Evaluate
Differentiate, and
Integrate

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 5
Direct Method
Given n+1 data points (x
0
,y
0
), (x
1
,y
1
),.. (x
n
,y
n
),
pass a polynomial of order n through the data as given
below:



where a
0
, a
1
,. a
n
are real constants.
Set up n+1 equations to find n+1 constants.
To find the value y at a given value of x, simply
substitute the value of x in the above polynomial.

. .......... ..........
1 0
n
n
x a x a a y + + + =

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 6
Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a
function of time in Table 1. Find the velocity
at t=16 seconds using the direct method for
linear interpolation.



t v(t)
s m/s
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
Velocity as a function of time
Velocity vs. time data for the rocket example

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 7
Linear Interpolation
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
350
400
450
500
550
517.35
362.78
y
s
f range ( )
f x
desired
( )
x
s
1
10 + x
s
0
10 x
s
range , x
desired
,
( ) t a a t v
1 0
+ =
( ) ( ) 78 . 362 15 15
1 0
= + = a a v
( ) ( ) 35 . 517 20 20
1 0
= + = a a v
Solving the above two equations gives,

91 . 100
0
= a

913 . 30
1
= a
Hence
( ) . 20 15 , 913 . 30 91 . 100 s s + = t t t v

( ) ( ) 16 913 . 30 91 . 100 16 + = v

s m/ 7 . 393 =

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 8
Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function
of time in Table 1. Find the velocity at t=16 seconds
using the direct method for quadratic interpolation.



t v(t)
s m/s
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
Velocity as a function of time
Velocity vs. time data for the rocket example

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 9
Quadratic Interpolation


( )
2
2 1 0
t a t a a t v + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) 04 . 227 10 10 10
2
2 1 0
= + + = a a a v
( ) ( ) ( ) 78 . 362 15 15 15
2
2 1 0
= + + = a a a v
( ) ( ) ( ) 35 . 517 20 20 20
2
2 1 0
= + + = a a a v
Solving the above three equations gives

001 . 12
0
= a 740 . 17
1
= a
37637 . 0
2
= a

Quadratic Interpolation

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 10
Quadratic Interpolation (contd)
10 12 14 16 18 20
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
517.35
227.04
y
s
f range ( )
f x
desired ( )
20 10 x
s
range , x
desired
,
( ) 20 10 , 37637 . 0 740 . 17 001 . 12
2
s s + + = t t t t v
( ) ( ) ( )
2
16 37637 . 0 16 740 . 17 001 . 12 16 + + = v
s m/ 19 . 392 =
The absolute relative approximate error
a
e obtained between the results from the first and
second order polynomial is
100
19 . 392
70 . 393 19 . 392

= e
a

% 38502 . 0 =

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 11
Example
The upward velocity of a rocket is given as a function
of time in Table 1. Find the velocity at t=16 seconds
using the direct method for cubic interpolation.



t v(t)
s m/s
0 0
10 227.04
15 362.78
20 517.35
22.5 602.97
30 901.67
Velocity as a function of time
Velocity vs. time data for the rocket example

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 12
Cubic Interpolation




( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
t a t a t a a t v + + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
10 10 10 04 . 227 10 a a a a v + + + = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
15 15 15 78 . 362 15 a a a a v + + + = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
20 20 20 35 . 517 20 a a a a v + + + = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3
2
2 1 0
5 . 22 5 . 22 5 . 22 97 . 602 5 . 22 a a a a v + + + = =
3810 . 4
0
= a 289 . 21
1
= a
13065 . 0
2
= a
0054606 . 0
3
= a

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 13
Cubic Interpolation (contd)
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
200
300
400
500
600
700
602.97
227.04
y
s
f range ( )
f x
desired ( )
22.5 10 x
s
range , x
desired
,
( ) 5 . 22 10 , 0054606 . 0 13064 . 0 289 . 21 3810 . 4
3 2
s s + + + = t t t t t v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
16 0054606 . 0 16 13064 . 0 16 289 . 21 3810 . 4 16 + + + = v s m/ 06 . 392 =
The absolute percentage relative approximate error,
a
e between second and third order
polynomial is
100
06 . 392
19 . 392 06 . 392

= e
a

% 033427 . 0 =

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 14
Comparison Table
Order of
Polynomial
1 2 3
v(t=16)
m/s
393.69 392.19 392.06
Absolute Relative
Approximate Error
---------- 0.38502 %

0.033427 %


http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 15
Distance from Velocity Profile
Find the distance covered by the rocket from t=11s to
t=16s ?
( ) 5 . 22 10 , 0054606 . 0 13064 . 0 289 . 21 3810 . 4
3 2
s s + + + = t t t t t v
( ) ( ) ( )
}
=
16
11
11 16 dt t v s s

( )dt t t t
}
+ + + ~
16
11
3 2
0054606 . 0 13065 . 0 289 . 21 3810 . 4
=
16
11
4 3 2
4
0054606 . 0
3
13065 . 0
2
289 . 21 3810 . 4
(

+ + + =
t t t
t
m 1605 =

http://numericalmethods.eng.usf.edu 16
Acceleration from Velocity Profile
given that
( ) 5 . 22 10 , 0054606 . 0 13065 . 0 289 . 21 3810 . 4
3 2
s s + + + = t t t t t v
,
Find the acceleration of the rocket at t=16s
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
0054606 . 0 13064 . 0 289 . 21 3810 . 4 t t t
dt
d
t v
dt
d
t a + + + = =

5 . 22 10 , 016382 . 0 26130 . 0 289 . 21
2
s s + + = t t t
( ) ( ) ( )
2
16 016382 . 0 16 26130 . 0 289 . 21 16 + + = a
2
/ 664 . 29 s m =

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