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Chemistry

This document is a 28 slide presentation on chapter 1 of a general chemistry textbook. It covers topics like the scientific method, properties and classification of matter, measurement and units in the SI system, density, uncertainties in measurements, and significant figures. Examples and practice problems are provided to illustrate the concepts.

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Fatmawati Mn
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273 views27 pages

Chemistry

This document is a 28 slide presentation on chapter 1 of a general chemistry textbook. It covers topics like the scientific method, properties and classification of matter, measurement and units in the SI system, density, uncertainties in measurements, and significant figures. Examples and practice problems are provided to illustrate the concepts.

Uploaded by

Fatmawati Mn
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Petrucci Harwood Herring Madura

Ninth Edition

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Principles and Modern Applications

Chapter 1: MatterIts Properties and Measurement


Philip Dutton University of Windsor, Canada Prentice-Hall 2007

Slide 1 of 28

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

Contents
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 The Scientific Method Properties of Matter Classification of Matter Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) System Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements Significant Figures
Focus On The Scientific Method at Work: Polywater
Slide 2 of 28 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall 2007

1-1 The Scientific Method


Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Developer of Germ Theory Pasteurization Rabies Vaccination

Called the greatest physician of all time by some. He was a chemist by training and profession.

Slide 3 of 28

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

Figure 1-1 The Scientific Method Illustrated

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General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

1-2 Properties of Matter

Matter:

Occupies space, has mass and inertia

Composition: Parts or components ex. H2O, 11.19% H and 88.81% O


Properties: Distinguishing features physical and chemical properties

Slide 5 of 28

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

1-2 Classification of Matter


Matter is made of atoms. 114 elements. About 90% available from natural sources Compounds are comprised of two or more elements. Molecules are the smallest units of compounds.

Slide 6 of 28

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

Separating Mixtures

Slide 7 of 28

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

Separating Mixtures

Slide 8 of 28

General Chemistry:Chapter Chapter General Chemistry: 1 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

Decomposing Compounds

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General Chemistry:Chapter Chapter General Chemistry: 1 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

States of Matter

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General Chemistry:Chapter Chapter General Chemistry: 1 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

1-4 The Measurement of Matter

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General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

Slide Slide 12 of 28 12 of 19

General Chemistry:Chapter Chapter General Chemistry: 1 1

Prentice-Hall 2007 Prentice-Hall 2007

Mass Mass is the quantity of matter in an object. Weight is the force of gravity on an object Wm W=gm

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General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

Temperature

Slide 14 Slide of 28 14 of 28

General Chemistry: 1 1 General Chemistry:Chapter Chapter

Prentice-Hall 2007 Prentice-Hall 2007

Volume

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General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

SI and non-SI Units Compared


1 Imperial qt 1.136 L 1 US qt 0.936 L 1L

1 kg

1 lb

1 in

1 cm

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General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

Units
S.I. Units Length meter, m Other Common Units Length Volume Energy Pressure 1 Atm = 1.064 102 kPa 1 Atm = 760 mm Hg Derived Quantities Force Newton, kg m s-2 Angstrom, , 10-8 cm Liter, L, 10-3 m3 Calorie, cal, 4.184 J

Mass
Time Quantity

Kilogram, kg
second, s Mole, 6.0221023 mol-1

Temperature Kelvin, K

Pressure
Energy

Pascal, kg m-1 s-2


Joule, kg m2 s-2

Slide 17 of 28

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

1-5 Density and Percent Composition

= m/V m=V V=m/

g/mL
Mass and volume are extensive properties Density is an intensive property
Slide 18 of 28 General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall 2007

Density in Conversion Pathways


What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 1.25 inches on each side?

Have volume, need density

= 22.48g/cm3

Slide 19 of 28

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

EXAMPLE 1-2
Relating Mass, Volume and Density The stainless steel in the solid cylindrical rod pictured below has a density of 7.75 g/cm3. If we want a 1.00 kg mass of this rod, how long a section must we cut off?

Calculate the Volume needed

Calculate the Length


Slide 20 of 28

1 m = m V= d d V = h r2 h = V2 r
Prentice-Hall 2007

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

EXAMPLE 1-2

Calculate the Volume needed

V=

m d

= m

1 d

1 cm3 V = = (1.00kg)(1000g/kg) 7.75 g = 129 cm3

Calculate the Length

V = h r2

h=

V r2

3 V 129 cm h= = = 25.5 cm 2 2 (3.1415){(0.5)(1.000 in)(2.54 cm/in)} r

Slide 21 of 28

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

Measuring Volume of an Irregular Object

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General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements

Systematic errors.
Thermometer constantly 2C too low.

Random errors
Limitation in reading a scale.

Precision
Reproducibility of a measurement.

Accuracy
How close to the real value.

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General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

Precision

Reproducibility 0.1 g Precision


Slide 24 of 28

0.0001 g high
General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Prentice-Hall 2007

low

1-7 Significant Figures

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General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

Significant Figures
The calculators show the effect of the change in a low precision number in a calculation 14.79 12.11 5.05
5.04 5.05 5.06

Slide 26 of 28

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

End of Chapter Questions


Instructors may provide lists of questions that reinforce topics they feel are particularly pertinent in the chapter. If no list is given students should attempt questions from each section of the chapter.
Build from the easier questions where the topic is identified, to the more difficult integrative examples where the approach to the question must be identified.

Slide 27 of 28

General Chemistry: Chapter 1

Prentice-Hall 2007

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