Introduction to Well Logging

2 Intro to Well Logging Restored

Basic Well Logging Tools
Lithology Tools
Spontaneous Potential
Gamma Ray
Fluids Identification Tools
Resistivity
Laterolog
Induction
Petrophysical Tools
Porosity
Neutron
Density
Sonic
Auxiliary Tools
Caliper
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Caliper
The Caliper log is a continuos
measure of the actual borehole
diameter
Shows the condition of the well over
the footage where other tools are
being run (Washouts, bridges)
Caliper is also used to calculate the
volume of cement needed behind
the casing
Open hole log will give Volume of
the wellbore
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Spontaneous Potential - SP
Measures the electrical potential in the formation
caused by the salinity difference between the
drilling mud and the formation water
Generally an indicator of permeability
Generally mimics the GR curve


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Spontaneous Potential - SP
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Spontaneous Potential - SP
SP:
Membrane Potential -
Em
Liquid Junction Potential
- Ej
The SP cannot be
recorded in holes with
nonconductive muds

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Spontaneous Potential - SP
If Rmf > Rw
Shales will have a low SP
and clean sandstones will
have a higher SP.
If Rmf < Rw
Shales will have a high
SP and clean sandstones
will have a lower SP.
If Rmf = Rw
Little SP will be
developed and the SP log
will have very little
character.
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Spontaneous Potential - SP
Shaliness indicator
SPshale = -10 mV
SPsand = -40 mV
SPlog = SP reading from
the log = -25 mV
The percentage of shale
will be :
SPlog - SPshale / SPsand
- SPshale =
15/-30 = .5 or 50% shale
Fresh and saltwater interface
Correlation
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SP Log Response
Shale
Impervious
nonshale
Impervious
nonshale
Reservoir
bed
Reservoir
bed
Shale
SP
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SP Log
GRC
0 150
SPC
MV -160 40
ACAL
6 16
ILDC
0.2 200
SNC
0.2 200
MLLCF
0.2 200
RHOC
1.95 2.95
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
DT
us/f 150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
SP
Log
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Gamma Ray
Gamma Ray Tools detect the naturally
occurring radiation within the rock
Radioactive elements tend to
concentrate in clays and shales

Potassium (K)
Uranium (U)
Thorium (Th)
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Gamma Ray
In sedimentary formations, the
GR log reflects the clay or
shale content
Clean formations, such as
sandstones or limestones,
usually have a very low level of
radioactivity
In general, the lower the
Gamma Ray reading, the
cleaner the sand
Gamma Ray logs can be run in
cased holes, but the data will
be suppressed
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Example GR Log
GRC
0 150
SPC
MV -160 40
ACAL
6 16
ILDC
0.2 200
SNC
0.2 200
MLLCF
0.2 200
RHOC
1.95 2.95
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
DT
us/f 150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
GR
Log
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Resistivity Tools
Induction Tools
Run in nonconductive or low-conductivity muds
Dual Induction - DIL: Is the earlier version of induction tool
which read a Shallow (SFL) and deep measurement
Phasor Induction - DIT-E: Is an enhanced Induction tool
giving Shallow, Medium, and Deep measurements
Array Induction - AIT: Is the newer generation of Induction
tools giving 5 curves with set depths of investigation: 10
(shallow), 20, 30, 60, 90.
Laterolog Tools
Run in highly conductive muds (salt based)
HRLA
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Resistivity
Resistivity of the salt
water is low (highly
conductive)
Resistivity of the Oil is high
(Poor conductor)
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Resistivity
Dry, nonmetallic minerals (rock matrix) have a very
high resistivity
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Resistivity
The resistivity of a rock is a measurement of the
resistivity of the rock matrix as well as the
resistivity of the fluid within the porous volume of
the rock.
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Induction

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Borehole
Effects
on
Resistivity
Logs
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Resistivity Profiles
Depth of Investigation:
Logging tools are designed to
measure resistivity at different depths
radially from the wellbore to
determine the resistivity of the
flushed zone and the virgin zone.
Flushed zone - is closest to the
wellbore and has been invaded by
drilling fluids (original fluids have
been flushed out).
Virgin zone - is farthest from the
wellbore and has not been invaded
by drilling fluids. Clients will want to
use Virgin zone measurements
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Invasion
Resistivity profile is the radial
distribution of resisitivity
resulting from the invasion of
fluids having different
conductivity than the formation
fluids.
Resistivity Profiles can tell a
client about permeability on a
qualitative level.
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Laterolog
Laterolog
Principle:
Measuring the
voltage difference
between two
electrodes is the
fundamental idea
behind laterolog
devices.

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Example Log With Resistivity
GRC
0 150
SPC
MV -160 40
ACAL
6 16
ILDC
0.2 200
SNC
0.2 200
MLLCF
0.2 200
RHOC
1.95 2.95
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
DT
us/f 150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
Resistivity
Log
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Porosity
Porosity Tools
Density
Neutron
Sonic
Magnetic Resonance

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Density o 1 / Porosity
Density
Measuring the number of gamma rays and their
energy levels at a given distance from the source,
the electron density of the formation can be
predicted
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Bulk Density






Matrix Fluids
f ma b
1
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Porosity From Density Log
Porosity equation




The fluid density equation




xo h xo mf f
S 1 S + =
f ma
b ma
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Bulk Density Log
GRC
0 150
SPC
MV -160 40
ACAL
6 16
ILDC
0.2 200
SNC
0.2 200
MLLCF
0.2 200
RHOC
1.95 2.95
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
DT
us/f 150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
Bulk Density
Log
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Example Solution Density Log
GRC
0 150
SPC
MV -160 40
ACAL
6 16
ILDC
0.2 200
SNC
0.2 200
MLLCF
0.2 200
RHOC
1.95 2.95
DPHISS
dec 0.45 -0.15
DT
us/f 150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
DPHI
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Neutron
Neutron tools emit high energy
neutrons from either a
chemical source or a neutron
generator device (minitron)
and measure the response of
these neutrons as they
interact with the formation
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Neutron
Hydrogen is the most
effective element in the
slowing down (elastic
scattering) process of the
Neutron
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Density - Neutron
GAS EFFECT
In sedimentary rocks the
presence of gas causes low
readings of porosity for the
neutron tool and causes high
values for the density tool
This Crossover is called Gas
Effect and is colored in red on
the log
The actual porosity is
determined by crossplotting
the Density porosity vs. the
Neutron porosity in a chart
book
*Sonic | is not significantly affected by
gas

This is why 2 different porosity tools are run at once
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Example Compensated Neutron Log
GRC
0 150
SPC
MV -160 40
ACAL
6 16
ILDC
0.2 200
SNC
0.2 200
MLLCF
0.2 200
RHOC
1.95 2.95
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
DT
us/f 150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
Neutron
Log
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Sonic
Sonic Tools are based on
the measurement of the
velocity and amplitudes of
the sonic body waves in
the Rocks
Applications:
Mechanical properties :
Rock strength, Earth
stress
Rock Mechanical
Properties
Rock failure
mechanisms
Formation evaluation
Cement bond logging
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Sonic - Formation Evaluation
The speed of sound depends
principally upon the rock matrix
material and the porosity.
The measurement of
compressional and shear wave
slowness can help us estimate:
Primary porosity
Lithology
Presence of natural gas
Gas Effect
in Sonic
Log
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Sonic Log
The response can be written as follows:
f ma log
t 1 t t
ma f
ma
t t
t t

= |
log
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Sonic Log
GRC
0 150
SPC
MV -160 40
ACAL
6 16
ILDC
0.2 200
SNC
0.2 200
MLLCF
0.2 200
RHOC
1.95 2.95
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
DT
us/f 150 50
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
Sonic
Log
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Example Solution Sonic Log
GRC
0 150
SPC
MV -160 40
ACAL
6 16
ILDC
0.2 200
SNC
0.2 200
MLLCF
0.2 200
CNLLC
0.45 -0.15
RHOC
1.95 2.95
DT
us/f 150 50
SPHISS
dec 0.45 -0.15
001) BONANZA 1
10700
10800
10900
SPHI
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t
m
w
n
w
R
R a
S
Formation Water Resistivity
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Determining Rw

Directly
From measured water sample
This is the most accurate Rw reading
Indirectly
From openhole well logs
SP logs
Pickett plots
Rwa technique
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R
w
Using the R
wa
Technique


t
m
wa
R R
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Mechanical Properties from Logs
From sonic data the mechanical
properties of the rock can be calculated
giving a continuous stress and
mechanical properties profile, but it
needs to be calibrated with external,
data either from core test or DataFRAC
Dipole Sonic is an Array tool which
gives Mechanical Properties. Geoquest
will process the data and create a
FracHite log and Mechanical Properties.
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Sonic - CBL
Cement Bond
Logging
Cement bond logs (CBL)
are used to evaluate the
quality of the cement
that was put in place
during the well
completion process
An Amplitude gives a
quantitative reading and
the VDL (Variable
Density Log) shows the
quality of the bond
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CMR - Combinable Magnetic
Resonance
CMR Gives information on:
Grain size and distribution
Permeability
Free-fluid porosity
Bound-fluid porosity
Helps client determine how much water will
actually flow out of the formation, and how much
is irreducible
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CMR
T2 Distribution
MDT Perm
plotted on top
of CMR Perm
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FMI
By wrapping the log we
can envision the wellbore
Faults and fractures can
be
traced on the log
Thin laminations can be
seen in the images