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Ch02-Approaches To System Development

Object-oriented concepts like classes, objects, attributes, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and relationships like associations and generalizations are introduced. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) provides standard notations for modeling systems using diagrams like use case, class, sequence, and state diagrams. UML represents classes and components visually and shows the relationships between them.

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mad2k
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48 views

Ch02-Approaches To System Development

Object-oriented concepts like classes, objects, attributes, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and relationships like associations and generalizations are introduced. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) provides standard notations for modeling systems using diagrams like use case, class, sequence, and state diagrams. UML represents classes and components visually and shows the relationships between them.

Uploaded by

mad2k
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2: Approaches to System Development : Object Orientation

What Is an Object?

An entity that encapsulates data and behavior - Objects are categorized into classes

- Each individual object is an instance of a class


Chapter 2

What Is Encapsulation?

The characteristic of object-orientation in which data and behavior are bundled into a class and hidden from the outside world
Access to the data and behavior is provided and controlled through an objects interface

Chapter 2

What Is a Class?
A category of objects that share the same attributes, operations, relationships, and semantics
All objects are instances of classes

Chapter 2

Name Attributes

Operations

Chapter 2

What Is an Attribute?
Attribute- a named property of a class that describes a range of values that instances of the attribute might hold
Attributes are the way classes encapsulate data

Chapter 2

Minus sign indicates these are private (hidden)

Attributes are properties containing values


Chapter 2

What Is an Operation?

A behavior of an object
Implemented in classes are methods Methods are identified and invoked by their signatures, including name, parameters, and return type

Chapter 2

Signature has name, parameters, return type

Method implements the behavior

Chapter 2

Plus sign indicates these are public (accessible)

Chapter 2

What Is Generalization?

A relationship between a more general (or parent) class and a more specific (or child) class
The more specific class has additional attributes and operations

Chapter 2

What Is Inheritance?

The mechanism by which the more specific class in a generalization relationship includes the attributes and operations of the more general class

Chapter 2

Subclasses inherit all attributes and operations of superclasses

Generalization represented by arrows from subclass to superclass

Chapter 2

What Is Polymorphism?

The ability for different classes of objects to respond to identical messages in different ways
Polymorphism = having many forms Different behaviors for the same message

Chapter 2

Here, each type of vehicle has its own version of calcPrice()

Chapter 2

What Is a Component?
A

replaceable part of a system providing a clearly defined function through a set of interfaces
of classes working together toward a common end; a subsystem

Group

Chapter 2

What Is an Interface?

The mechanism by which users of a component invoke its behaviors and manipulate its properties
The interface is implemented by method signatures

Chapter 2

Interfaces are represented as small rectangles

Chapter 2

What Is an Association?

A relationship or link between instances of (or objects) of classes Three types:


Simple associations: no ownership Aggregations: part-whole relationships where the part

can exist independently of the whole Compositions: part-whole relationships where the part and the whole are fully dependent on each other
Chapter 2

This is a binary association, showing roles and multiplicities

roles

multiplicities

Chapter 2

Systems Modeling
Systems modeling creating an abstraction of a system Abstraction focusing on the relevant aspects and ignoring other details UML is a modeling approach, involving these diagrams:

Use-case, sequence, communication, class, object,

activity, state, composite structure, package, component, deployment


Chapter 2

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

A standard notation for representing objectoriented systems


Boxes represent classes, components, packages, objects
Containing attributes and operations Provide interfaces to external entities

Lines represent generalization and other relationships

Chapter 2

Sample UML Diagram


Chapter 2

UML Diagrams

Use-case diagram shows use cases, actors, and relationships describing user interactions with system

Sequence diagram shows interactions of objects via message-passing in time-ordered manner


Communication diagram similar to sequence diagram, but without the time-ordering

Chapter 2

UML Diagrams

Class diagram shows set of classes and relationships (generalizations and associations) Object diagram shows specific instances of a class diagram Activity diagram shows flow of activities, or wokflow of objects

Chapter 2

UML Diagrams (cont.)

State diagram shows transitioning of an object from state to state in response to events Composite structure diagram shows how a component whole is made up of its parts Package diagram shows logical grouping of analysis or design elements

Chapter 2

UML Diagrams (cont.)

Component diagram shows software components or modules and their relationships


Deployment diagram shows configuration of runtime processing nodes and their components

Chapter 2

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