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APDLOGICLecture 4

The document discusses the concept of judgement. Judgement allows the mind to form opinions and conclusions by comparing ideas. A judgement affirms or denies the relationship between a subject and predicate. Propositions express a judgement through affirming or denying whether the subject and predicate agree based on reality. Not all sentences are propositions - propositions specifically make an assertion about the relationship between a subject and predicate. Truth is when an idea conforms to reality, while falsity is when an idea does not conform to reality.

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Aileen P. de Leon
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146 views

APDLOGICLecture 4

The document discusses the concept of judgement. Judgement allows the mind to form opinions and conclusions by comparing ideas. A judgement affirms or denies the relationship between a subject and predicate. Propositions express a judgement through affirming or denying whether the subject and predicate agree based on reality. Not all sentences are propositions - propositions specifically make an assertion about the relationship between a subject and predicate. Truth is when an idea conforms to reality, while falsity is when an idea does not conform to reality.

Uploaded by

Aileen P. de Leon
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JUDGEMENT

JUDGEMENT
It is the ability of the mind to form
an opinion, an estimate or a wise and
objective conclusion. It is a mental
pronouncement. Judgement
pronounces an agreement or a
disagreement between ideas. It is
through judgement that we come to
proclaim an idea’s affirmation or
denial. It is by way of judgement that
a Subject is affirmed or denied by a
JUDGEMENT
Example:
A chicken is a bird.

In this case, the Subject is “chicken” is


affirmed by the Predicate. The class is the
Birds Family. The agreement of the Subject
and the Predicate comes from a judgement
based from an understanding of the two ideas
“chicken” and “bird”.
JUDGEMENT
Example:
This car is not new.
In this case, the Subject “car” is denied of
a quality by the Predicate. But there is
however an agreement between the Subject
and the Predicate. The agreement of the
Subject and the Predicate comes from
judgement based from an understanding of
the two ideas “car” and “not new car”. The
Subject is however denied of a quality.
JUDGEMENT
How do we arrive at a judgement?
In the pronouncement of a judgement
there are these things considered:
5.An understanding of the concepts or ideas
perceived by the intellect or mind.

7.A mental comparison between the two ideas.

3. A mental proclamation of a judgement of


agreement or disagreement between these ideas
compared and perceived from facts or reality.
JUDGEMENT
Reality will provide the mind
the tool in rendering the
judgement true or false.
Therefore, the judgement of
the Proposition’s agreement
or disagreement as
pronounced by the mind will
be affirmed or denied by
JUDGEMENT
PROPOSITION – is an expression of judgement
of agreement and disagreement between
ideas whether or not it is an affirmation or a
denial.
It expresses the pronouncement of an
affirmation or a denial of the agreement or
disagreement of the Subject and the Predicate
based from a judgement made by the mind.
It may be something that is stated for
the purposed of discussion or something to be
dealt-with as a statement of fact and or truth.
Can be affirmative or negative.
JUDGEMENT
Example:
Anya is very good in reasoning.
This proposition affirms that the Subject
“ANYA” is very good in a particular endeavour or
field.
The subject “ANYA” is affirmed by the
Predicate “very good in reasoning”. It is affirmed of a
quality by the predicate.
The proposition “Anya is very good in
reasoning” is an affirmative proposition. The linking
verb “IS” is an indication of an affirmative
pronouncement of judgement.
JUDGEMENT
SENTENCE – is a word or a group of words expressing a
complete thought. Most sentences contain a Subject and a
Predicate.
Examples:
Run!
Kaz is a baby.
Why were you late?
How are you today?
Those girls are playing.
A cat is an animal.
These people are good boys.
She sings very well.
Mr. Zaido played chess.
They have not eaten yet.
I always read books.
I am a pretty girl.
JUDGEMENT
STATEMENT – is a declaration or assertion of an
argument or a sentence. It is also a sentence or vice
versa.

Examples:
He is stronger than I.
He walked.
How many eggs did you eat?
This beer is as cold as ice.
God is the creator of heaven and earth.
She who sings well prays twice – St. Augustine
How old are you?
She is there.
JUDGEMENT

How do we distinguish a
sentence from a proposition?

Propositions are sentences or


statements. But not all
sentences/statements are
propositions.
JUDGEMENT
Examples:
Leave!
In this case, the imperative word “Leave!”
is a complete sentence expressing a complete
thought but it is not a proposition.

The word or sentence “Leave!” does not


affirm or deny anything. A proposition denies
or affirms something. Therefore, the statement
“Leave!” is not a proposition since it neither
affirms nor denies anything.
JUDGEMENT
Ouch!
The word “Ouch!” is an expression. It is
an exclamatory sentence but it is not a
proposition. It expresses a complete thought
but it neither affirms nor denies something. A
proposition always affirms or denies
something. But the exclamatory statement
“Ouch!” neither affirms nor denies something.
Therefore “Ouch!” is not a proposition.
JUDGEMENT

Several birds are chirping.

This sentence is a proposition. It


affirms an action. The subject “Several
birds” is affirmed of an action by the
predicate “are chirping”.
JUDGEMENT
Other examples of propositions:
1. Man is a rational animal.
2. All dogs are animals.
3. Some Filipinos live in Malaysia.
4. Some Filipinos died from tsunami in
Thailand.
5. Not all people listen to their goodwill and
conscience.
6. Manny “Pacman” Pacquiao is as hungry as
a hunter.
7. Some men are poor managers.
JUDGEMENT
LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF
PROPOSITION

A proposition proclaims the


agreement and disagreement of the
Subject + Copula(verb in English subject)
+ Predicate. It declares affirmation or a
denial. It proposes a positive or a
negative assertion.
JUDGEMENT
Example:
He is a dog.

There is an affirmation by the Predicate but there is a


disagreement between the two ideas “He” and “Dog” in reality.
There is an agreement between the Subject and the Predicate
linked by a Copula. However, reality may deny such
agreement proclaimed by the mind. The mind, in its
judgement, proclaims the agreement or disagreement
perceived, and that comparison between the two ideas is
either affirmed or denied.
“He” may be referred to a man. While “Dog” constitutes
an animal, without reason and IS NOT A MAN. Therefore,
there is a disagreement in the comparison of the two ideas.
“He” and the “Dog” are two different ideas belonging to
different sub-classes.
JUDGEMENT
TRUTH – is the conformity of an idea to
reality. It is the actual and real state of matter
perceived by the senses. Therefore, the
correspondence of an idea to the actual
matter or reality is Truth.

FALSITY – is the non-conformity of an idea to


reality. It is the non-correspondence of an
idea to actual matter and reality. If the
judgement of the mind does not agree or
conform to actual matter and reality it is false.

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