By: Aldinette C.

Esto
BSED III – Math
Biological Science
Plant Tissues
Meristematic Tissue
- Growth tissue
- Capable of mitotic cell division
- cells are similar in structure and have thin and
elastic primary cell wall made up of cellulose

Permanent Tissue
- More mature cells
- Forms more stable or permanent parts of the
plant
- “Cellular differentiation”
 present at the growing tips
R.A.M. of stems and roots

S.A.M. Api ca l increases the length

of the stem and root
Mer ist em and production of
leaves

responsible for
growth in length of
the plant
located in between
Me ris te mat ic
permanent tissues Tiss ue
Int erc al ar y Lat er al
surround the
Meri st em established stem Mer ist em
increases the
diameter and girth Cork Cambium
of the shoot
Vascular Cambium
 Composed of similar
Parenchyma
Sim ple types of cells which
Collenchyma have common origin
Sclerenchyma Per ma nent and function
Endodermis Tissu e

Form the
protective outer
Permanent
Xylem
covering of the
plant body
Tissue Phloem
Comp lex
Su rfac e
Per ma nent
Tissu e A group of more than
one type of tissue Tissu e
having a common
Epidermis origin and working
Periderm together as a unit to
perform a function
Major Plant Organs

Shoot System

Root System
ROOT

TYPES OF
• FUNCTIONS ROOT SYSTEM
 Anchorage
 Absorption
 Storage Diffuse or Fibrous
Root System
 Propagation
 Photosynthesis

Taproot System
LONGITUD INA L SEC TI ON
OF THE R OOTS

Root Cap
“mucigel”

Meristematic
Region

Elongation Region

Maturation
Region
CROSS-SEC TI ONA L V IEW
OF TH E ROOTS

Epidermis

Cortex

“hypodermis,
storage parenchyma and
endodermis

Pericycle

Vascular Tissues
“xylem” and “phloem”
Cross section
of root
• Vascular bundle (Stele) = contains xylem and phloem
• Cortex
• Epidermis
• Root hairs
Fig. 38.15
Specialized Roots
Adventitio Aerating Aerial
us
P
Coarse Contractile Fine
P

Haustorial Photosynthet Propagative

P ic P

Proteoid Stilt Storage

P P

Structural Surface Tuberous

P
Adventitious
Aerial

Aerating
Contractile
Propagative

Haustorial
 Storage
Stilt
Tuberous
SHOOT SYSTEM
STEM
• FUNCTIONS OF THE STEM
• 1) Support
• 2) Conduction
• 3) Food Storage
• 4) Protection
• 5) Propagation
• 6) Photosynthesis
Know Stems
 Epicotyl – structure that extends from the
hypocotyls', where primary stem originates
 Soft/Herbaceous stems – soft and green,
have small diameters and covered with
epidermis, die in a year
 Woody stems – tough, not green, can grow
considerably in height and diameter and can
live for many years
 Tree – woody stemmed plant with a single
trunk
 Shrub – woody stemmed plant with several
main stems of the same size, smaller and
shorter than trees.
Exter nal S tr uc ture of
a Woo dy S te m
 Lenticels – tiny pores for gas exchange
 Leaf scars – marks left by fallen leaves
 Buds – masses of meristematic tissues that may result
in growth in length or production of leaves/flowers.
They can be:
 Terminal
 Lateral/axillary
 Flower bud
 Leaf/branch bud
 Naked bud
 Covered bud
 Active/dormant
 Bud scales – leafy structures that cover and protect
the buds from drying out
 Bud scars – marks left by fallen buds scales, form a
ring around a twig.
Internal Structure of
a Woody Stem
 Bark – outer layer
 Cork
 Cork Cambium
 Cortex
 Phloem
 Wood/xylem – inner part, contains the annual rings
• Annual ring – ring of xylem tissues added during 1
growing season
 Spring Wood
 Summer Wood
• In dicot woody stems, such as in roots, the pith is
present. Laterally extending out the pith, are
vascular rays. The vascular cambium is found
between the bark and the wood.
Fig. 38.7a
Fig. 38.7b
Structure of a
Herbaceous
Dicot Stem
 Epidermis – similar to woody stems
 Cork – absent
 Cortex – thinner but similar to woody
stems
 Chlorenchyma cells – type of parenchyma
cells, have chloroplasts and make up the
cortex
 Stele – same as woody stems
 Xylem and phloem – larger in herbaceous
dicot stems than in woody stems,
separated by vascular bundles
 Cambium layer - present, but little
Fig. 38.25a
Structure of
a Herbaceous
Monocot System
Vascular bundles – scattered
throughout the stem
Cambium layer – absent
Closed bundles – vascular
bundles of a herbaceous monocot
stem
Open Bundles – vascular bundles
in dicot stems
Fig. 38.25b
MODIFIED STEMS

Aboveground Underground

Stolons Rhizome Bulbs

s
Tendrils Cladodes

Thorns Succulent Corms Tubers

Stems
Wild asparagus
bougainvillea
LEAVES
 major sites of photosynthesis
 Release moisture through “transpiration”
 EXTERNAL Structure
 Blade – for absorption
 Leaf apex – tip of leaf
 Petiole/stalk – attached to node of stem (leaves
without petioles are calles sessile leaves)
 Midrib – central vein
 Leaf margin – edges of a leaf
 Stipules – tiny flaps of tissues, perform
photosynthesis and ensure pollination
Simple Leaf Compound Leaves
Internal Structure of a Leaf

 Epidermis
 Mesophyll – contains chlorophyll rich
cells
 Palisade layer – below upper epidermis,
consists of vertically elongated cells
 Spongy Tissues – consists of horizontally
elongated cells
MODIFIED LEAVES
 Bud scales
 Bulb scales
 Tendrils
 Spines
 Bracts
 Insect-trapping leaves
 Reproductive leaves
Fig. 39.1
FLOWERS

 Reproduction
 Floral symmetry

Radial or regular symmetry Bilateral or irregular symmetry

 FLOWERS

4 Classifications:
3 Major Parts: 2 Categories: Complete
Gynoecium Monoecious
Incomplete
Androecium dioecious
Perfect
Perianth
Imperfect
POLLINATION

• the transfer of pollen (male gamete)

from the anther to a stigma
Cross-pollination and
Self-pollination
Parts of the Flower

• Peduncle Flower stalk.

• Receptacle Part of flower stalk bearing the
floral organs
• Sepal Leaf-like structures at flower
base, protects young flower
bud.
• Calyx All the sepals together
• Petal Located in and above the
sepals, often serve to attract
pollinators to the plant.
• Corolla All the petals together
• Stamen Male part of the flower
Parts of the Flower
• Filament The stalk of the stamen which
bears the anther.
• Anther The pollen bearing portion of a stamen.
• Pollen Grains containing the male gametes.
• Carpel\Pistil Consisting of the stigma, style and
ovary.
• Stigma serves as a receptive surface for
pollen grains.
• Style The stalk of a carpel, between the
stigma and the ovary,
• Ovary Enlarged base of the carpel containing
the ovule or ovules.
• Ovule Located in the ovaries. Carries female
gametes.
Monocotyledon
– grasses
– lilies, tulips
– trees: palm

Dicotyledon
– roses, asters
– grapes, beans
– trees: oak,
maple,
Plant Tissues and Organs

By: Aldinette C. Esto

BSED III – Math
Biological Science