Fluid types determination.

Design conditions determination.

Stress analysis.
Selection and sizing of pipeline components.

Liquid
Crude Oil- Petroleum Products-Water
liquefied
LNG-LPG
gas
Natural Gas.
Slurries.
Pressure:
Internal design pressure.
Maximum operating pressure(MOP).

External design pressure.
- Due to backfill pressure(buried pipeline).
- Due to water head(submerged pipeline).
back static
P P P steady + A + = ) friction overcome ( ) state ( P
max
temperature:
It is the temperature of line pipe metal.
Material properties changes with temperature various.
Temperature study is important at
- Low ground temperature.
- Low atmospheric temperature.
- Transient operating conditions.

Ambient Influences:
Fluid Expansion Effects.
- We must withstand or relive increased pressure due to
fluid expansion.
Dynamic effect.
- Impact.
- Wind.
- Earthquake.
- Vibration.
- Waves and currents.



Weight effect:
Live loads
-Liquid transported weight.
-Extraneous materials that adhere to the pipe(ice) weight.
-Impact of waves & wind.
Dead loads
-Pipe weight.
-Components weight.
-Coating weight.
-Backfill weight.
-Unsupported attachment to the pipeline.


Thermal Expansion and Contraction Loads.
Relative Movement of Connected Components.
-It must be taken into account in design of piping
and pipe support elements.
Components required to ensure effective
operation:
Line pipe
strainers
Couplings
Meters
Valves



Thickness and Grade Selection
Handling and Transportation (d/t ratio)
Type of Line Pipe
Installation Requirements

Wall Thickness Calculations according to
pressure.
Expansion and flexibility.
Pipeline anchoring and support.
Anti-Buoyancy Measures.


Pipe wall thickness is
primarily driven by the need
for pressure containment.
Design for internal pressure
is based on consideration of
hoop stress in pipe wall.

LIQUID PIPELINE (ASME B 31.4, Cl. 404.1.2)
Given:




Selected:
Required:

Design formula:
0.72 factor Design F
table). m factor(fro joint weld E
C 120 T C 30 -
pipeline of diameter outside D
pressure design internal P
o
pipe
o
i
=
s s
ss thickne t wall

* 2
p FE
D
t S
=
strength. yield minimum specified S
GAS PIPELINE (ASME B 31.8, Cl. 841.11)
Given:



Selected:

Required:
Design
formula:
table) m factor(fro rating - de ure temperat T
table) m factor(fro Design F
table). m factor(fro joint weld E
pipeline of diameter outside D
pressure design internal P
i
thickness t wall

* 2
p FET
D
t S
=
strength. yield minimum specified S
Design factor, f
Expansion stress:
Thermal expansion occur due to temperature change or
due to any event that could cause relative displacement
between anchor points.
That causes excessive stress in the piping material and
Impose excessive forces or moments on equipment or
supports.

If restrained pipeline:
Pipeline is said it restrained if it cant
expanded in longitudinal direction.
That occur when it is fixed supported or
buried pipeline.

If restrained buried pipeline:
Given:





Req.
Step1: hoop stress
Longitudinal stress
(P.D)/(2t) =
h
S
) ( .
1 2 L
T T E S S
c h
= o u
restraint of at time mperature Ambient te T
re temperatu operating Maximum T
expansion thermal of t coefficien Linear
steel of elasticity of modulus Cold E
ratio s Poisson
, ,
1
2
c
o
u
t P D
) ( s strength yield check
If restrained buried pipeline:
Design formula:


* 9 . 0
h
T S S S
l
s
If restrained supported above ground pipeline:

If restrained supported above ground pipeline:
Design formula:

Where:
absolute resultant value of beam bending stresses
plane of out refer to i
plane in refer to i
modulus. section Z
moment. tional tor M
moment. plane of out M
moment. plane in M
o
i
t
o
i
T S S S S
B l
* 9 . 0
h
s
( ) ( ) | | Z M M i M i S
t o o i i
/ 75 . 0 75 . 0
5 . 0
2
2
2
B
+ + =
If unrestrained
pipeline:
Design formulae:
Dead load


Live load
S S S S
L D B L
s + +
+ ) ( E
S S S
D B
* 45 . 0 5 . 0
) ( H
s +
S S S
L D B L
* 85 . 0
) (
s +
+
If unrestrained pipeline:
Where:
( )
Z
M
S
Z
iM
S S S S
t
t
b
b t b E
= = + =
=
+
& &
stress thermal combined S
loading. live and dead both from
stress bending al longitudin of value absolute S
PD/4t stress al longitudin S
loads. dead from resulting stress
n compressio bending beam of value absolute S
5 . 0
2 2

E
L) B(D
l
BD
If the pipeline in transition from
fully restrained to unrestrained:
1. longitudinal deflection calculated.
2. We decide if we will use anchor or no.
3. anchor sizing obtained.



How do we overcome expansion stress:
Using flexible pipeline:
If we cant use material satisfy previous conditions we can
use one of the next system.
Expansion loop.
Expansion offset.
Mechanical joints.
Coupling.
Bends.

Expansion loop:

Sizing an expansion loop:








Sizing an expansion loop:
Given:




Required:









table) m factor(fro rating - de T
Pa) strength(M yield minimum specified S
feet(m) anchors between distance
inch(mm) pipe the of expansion l therma
inch(mm) size pipe nominal
u
Y
D
feet(m) loop, expansion of width w
Sizing an expansion loop:
Design formula:



where:





( ) c
A
E
S
U L
DY
30
2
s

factor fatigue cycling thermal

max temp. at * 67 . 0 S
min temp. at T * S 0.67 S
) S 0.25 S (1.25
range stress allowable S
psi(MPa) , elasticity of modulus
inch(mm) loop, of length h
H
c
H c
A
f
T S
f S
E
A
c
=
=
+ =
Sizing an expansion loop:
For ferrous material:






Answer:

2 / ) ( u L w =
( )
) ( 3 . 208
) ( 03 . 0
2
units SI or
imprical
U L
DY
s
s

Expansion loop capacity

Expansion offset:

Sizing an expansion offset:

Sizing an expansion offset :



Where:

) ( 3 . 208
) (
2
2
3
48
units SI
imprical S
h
DYE
A
h
DYE
c
c
s
s
cycle 7000 cycles of No if 1
factor fatigue cycling thermal
factor. rating - de stress T
max temp. at * 67 . 0 S
min temp. at T * S 0.67 S
) S 0.25 S (1.25
range stress allowable S
psi(MPa) , elasticity of modulus
inch(mm) loop, of length h
inch(mm) anchor, of nt displaceme l therma
inch(mm) size pipe nominal
H
c
H c
A
< =
=
=
+ =
f
T S
f S
E
Y
D
A
c
Case1: no anchor

Case1: no anchor
Given:



Req.

Step1:








expansion thermal of t coeffecien
pipe the of area sectional - cross A
strength. yield minimum S
p
o
. A at stress al longitudin S
/2 S B at stress al longitudin S
LA
H LB
T E S
H
A =
=
o u
regions. restrained un and
restrained fully between pipe of length L
Case1: no anchor
Stress and strain between A&B
-Point A has zero longitudinal stress.






Case1: no anchor
Step2:

Step3:

Step4:
We can use higher thickness at this section.


S
LA LB
F
S S
p
A L
) (
=
) ( D 0.0813 soil avarague of resistance (KN/m)
2
o
m F
s
=
Case2: with anchor






Case2: with anchor
given:



Req.: force at anchor block.
Result:

For caped
end pipe:




expansion thermal of t coeffecien
pipe the of area sectional - cross A
strength. yield minimum S
p
o
p LA LB
A S S ) ( F =
p
i
A T E
t
PD D P
)
2
(
4
) (
F
2
A + = o u
t
Case2: with anchor
Stress and strain between A&B







When does pipeline
subject to buoyant force?
1. when they encounter
freestanding or flowing
water.
2. when buried in saturated
soils.















Methods of Buoyancy Control:
Backfill .
Using heavy pipeline.
Density anchors.
- Set-on weight
- Bolt-on weight
- Continues concrete coating
Mechanical anchors.







Methods of Buoyancy Control:
Backfill
High density soil
Deep ditch


Using heavy pipeline
By using low yield strength
material
Methods of Buoyancy Control:

Density anchors

Bolt-on
weights
Continues
concrete coating
Set-on
weights
Set-on weights


bolt-on weights


Continues concrete coating


Methods of Buoyancy Control:
Mechanical anchor:

Valve types
Valve sizing
Valve selection
Gate
Globe
Ball
Butterfly
plug
diaphragm
Isolation
Modulating/
throttling
Non-
return
globe
Ball
Butterfly
Swing check
Lift check

Special
valves
PRESSURE
REDUCING
VALVES
Relief valve
Anti-cavitation
valve
Air-valve
A double-disk parallel-seat
type.
Wedge-shaped-gate type
with an inclined seat.
They are suitable for the toughest applications in high
pressure and high temperature systems.
A gate valve cannot throttle or operate partially open.
The pressure drop through these valves is about equal
to that in a pipe of the same length
It is used at Infrequent operation.



Ball Valve - With
Floating Ball
Ball Valve Trunnion
Mounted
Its application is limited to temperatures that have little
effect on its plastic seats.
They are compact.
When the valve is closed, pressure in the line helps to keep it
closed.
The fluid can flow through it in either direction.
Most ball valves are quick acting.
The pressure drop across the valve in a fully open position is
minimal for a full-port design.



The amount of flow restriction observed with a globe valve
is a function of the valve disk location relative to the valve
seat.
In most cases, the higher pressure fluid stream connected
to the pipe side above the disk, which helps to maintain a
tight seal when the valve is fully closed.
The direction of fluid flow through the valve changes
several times, which increases the pressure drop across the
valve.



Non-Return Valves
Non return valves are used for:
Minimizing reverse flow.
Keeping lines full of fluid.
Prevention of loss of fluid when the system is not in
operation.
Prevention of reverse rotation of pumps.
Prevention of outflow of fluid from vessel.
an automatic pressure-relieving
device suitable for use as either a
safety or relief valve, depending
on application.
Used to protect piping system
from excessive pressure


Ant cavitation orifice.
CLA-VAL 100-45 anti cavitation valve.
Lincoln Log anti cavitation valve

Stage 1:
High pressure is reduced as it passes through the first
restriction.
Stage 2:
Flow through the first restriction is directed towards the
center of the pipe. An additional pressure drop is created as
the flow converges.
Stage 3:
Pressure is dropped further as it passes through the second orifice
plate.
By creating a series of small pressure drops the potential for a
fluid vapor condition (cavitation) is minimized.
Stage 4:
Flow passing through the second orifice plate is directed away
from pressure boundary surfaces.
Cavitation bubbles collapse in the fluid further reducing the
chances of cavitation damage to components.
Flow enters through the slot detail
of the seat. The slot orientation
directs flow towards the center of
the chamber where flow
converges.
Flow exits trough the disc
guide slots are angularly
oriented to direct flow away
from the valve body.
Isolation of sections
Flow control
Pressure control
Reverse flow prevention
De-aeration





Purpose:
Sectionalizing valve assemblies are used to
isolate sections of mainline or long laterals
when isolation is required in the event of a line
break or if maintenance in a section of the line
is necessary.





Required components:
A gate or ball valve the size of the mainline to
allow passage of pigs.
Two blow-downs (gas only) for equalizing the
pressure on both sides of the block valve.
A riser on each side of the block valve.





Spacing
ASME B 31.8 for Gas pipelines
ASME B 31.4 for Liquid Pipelines
Gas Pipelines
Location Class 1 32 km (20 miles)
Location Class 2 24 km (15 miles)
Location Class 3 16 km (10 miles)
Location Class 4 8 km (5 miles)





LPG Pipelines
Industrial, 12 km (7.5 miles)
Location
Pollution Concerns
Statutory Requirements
Prevention of Inventory Loss
Approachability of Valve Station

















Selection of ball and gate valves
Ball valve Gate valve
sealing
infrequent operation
Fail-safe
Hot tap isolation
High speed
Repair ability
Cost
Space limitation
Hydraulically operated
Application: Specialty Gas, Food Processing,
Chemical, Dry Cleaning, Electronic.
Cryogens: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen,
Helium, Argon, Fluorine, Methane
Pressure Range: Vacuum to 70 bar (1015 psig)
Temperature Range:-269C to 100C
(-452F to 212F)
All the cryogenic valves have an extended bonnet with
a mounting pad.
The extension prevents cryogenic liquids from
reaching the stem packing by enabling the liquids to
boil and convert to gas.
The balls have a pressure relief hole on the upstream
side to prevent overpressure of the body cavity from
thermal expansion.
The valve is uni-directional with an arrow showing flow
direction.
Conveyed fluid Nature of fluid Valve function Type of disc
Liquid
Neutral
(Water, Oil, etc)
On/Off
Gate
Rotary ball
Plug
Diaphragm
Butterfly
Plug gate
Control valve,
modulating
Globe
Butterfly
Plug gate
Diaphragm
Needle
Conveyed fluid Nature of fluid Valve function Type of disc
Liquid
Corrosive
(Acid, alkaline
etc.)
On/Off
Gate
Plug gate
Rotary ball
Plug
Diaphragm
Butterfly
Control valve,
modulating
Globe
Diaphragm
Butterfly
Plug gate
Conveyed fluid Nature of fluid Valve function Type of disc
gas
Neutral
(Water, Oil, etc)
On/Off
Gate
globe
Rotary ball
Plug
Diaphragm
Control valve,
modulating
Globe
Butterfly
gate
Diaphragm
Needle
Conveyed fluid Nature of fluid Valve function Type of disc
gas
Corrosive
(Acid vapors,
chlorine etc.)
On/Off
Butterfly
Rotary ball
Plug
Diaphragm
Control valve,
modulating
Globe
Diaphragm
Needle
butterfly
vacuum On/off
Gate
Globe
Rotary ball
butterfly


valve flow coefficient is determined by testing the
valve with water at several flow rates
The principles of flow calculations are illustrated by the
common orifice flow meter.
<
Liquid Flow



where
2 1
1
p p p
C N q
f
G
p
v
= A
=
A
1) (water
gravity specific liquid G
units for constant
coeffecien flow
rate flow
f
1
=
N
t C
q
v
Liquid Flow




Liquid Flow




Liquid Flow
To determine flow coefficient from charts
Enter the vertical scale with the pressure drop
across the valve
Read across to the desired flow rate .
The diagonal line is the desired Cv value .



gas Flow
Low pressure drop
flowoutlet pressure (p2) is
greater than one half of inlet
pressure (p1)
Maximum flow
pressure does not increase the
flow because the gas has reached
sonic velocity at the orifice
High pressure drop
Out-let pressure is less than half
of inlet pressure.


gas Flow

Low pressure drop high pressure drop