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Chap1cont Vector Anlysis

This document discusses orthogonal coordinate systems used in electromagnetics theory, including Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. It describes the key variables that define each system, their ranges, and how to represent vectors and calculate differentials of length, area, and volume using each system. The del or nabla operator is also introduced, which is useful for reducing equations in electromagnetics to a more compact form when working in Cartesian coordinates.

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Krishnaveni Subramani S
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77 views

Chap1cont Vector Anlysis

This document discusses orthogonal coordinate systems used in electromagnetics theory, including Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinates. It describes the key variables that define each system, their ranges, and how to represent vectors and calculate differentials of length, area, and volume using each system. The del or nabla operator is also introduced, which is useful for reducing equations in electromagnetics to a more compact form when working in Cartesian coordinates.

Uploaded by

Krishnaveni Subramani S
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTROMAGNETICS THEORY

(SEE 2523)

+An orthogonal system is one in which the coordinates are
mutually perpendicular.
+Examples of orthogonal coordinate systems include the
Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates.
+There must be three independent variables. e.g: u
1
, u
2

and u
3.
+

, and are unit vectors for each surface and the
direction normal to their surfaces.
1
u
2
u
3
u
1.4 ORTHOGONAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
+ The cross product between the unit vector is:


+ While the dot product is:





2

,
1

,
3

u u u u u u u u u = = =
1
3

0
1

= = =
= = =
u u u u u u
u u u u u u
+ Any vector can be represented as




+ The magnitude for is given by


A
3 3

2 2

1 1
A u A u A u A + + =

2
3
2
2
2
1
| | A A A A A + + = =
A
3 3 2 2 1 1
B u B u B u B + + = + If and

the vector operations:
3 3

2 2

1 1
A u A u A u A + + =
1.4.1: CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
Defined by three variables x, y and z.
+The ranges on the variables are:


+A point P(x
1
, y
1,
z
1
) in coordinate system is located at the
intersection of the three surfaces which is determined by
x = x
1
, y = y
1
and z = z
1
.
+Most of the problems in electromagnetics only can be
solved using line, surface and volume integral.
- < x < , - < y < and
- < z <
+ Fig. 1.10 shows the points P and Q whose coordinates are
P(x, y, z) and Q(x+dx, y+dy, z+dz).
+ The movement from point P to point Q cause the variables
vary from x to x+dx, y to y+dy and z to z+dz.
+ These changes will cause the differential volume elements
in Cartesian coordinates given by : dv = dxdydz
+ Differential length, is given by :

d

dz z dy y dx x d
+ + =
Fig.1.10: Differential element in Cartesian coordinate
dz
dy
dx
z
y

d
+Three differential surfaces generated,
s d
dz
dy
dx
z
y

d
) 0
) 0
) 0
= = =
= = =
= = =
dz dxdy z
z
ds z
z
s d
dy dxdz y
y
ds y
y
s d
dx dydz x
x
ds x
x
s d
(when
(when
(when


+ Defined by three variables : r, | and z and the unit vectors
are , and . r
|

z
A variable r, at a point P is directed radially outward,
normal to the z-axis.
| is measured from the x-axis in the xy-plane to the r.
z is the same as in the Cartesian system.
1.4.2: CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
+ The ranges on the variables are:
0 < r <
0 < | < 2t
- < z <
Fig. 1.11: A view of a point in
cylindrical coordinate system.
+ A line, surface and volume will be generated when a single
variable, two variables and three variables, respectively are
varied.
+ When these changes are differential as shown in Fig.1.12,
we generate the following differential lines, surfaces and
volume.
Fig 1.12: Differential elements of the
cylindrical coordinate system
+ Yield a differential volume when the coordinate increase
from r, | and z to r+dr, |+d| dan z+dz.
+ When the angle vary from | to | +d|, the changes in the
distance is rd|.
r
|

z
u


u
r |

A variable r is defined as a distance from the origin to any point.


u is defined as an angle between the +z axis and the r line.
| is an angle and exactly the same as in cylindrical coordinate
system.
1.4.2: SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM
+ Defined by three variables : r, and | and the unit vectors
are , and .
+ The ranges on the variables are:
0 < r <
0 < u < t
0 < | < 2t
Fig. 1.13: A view of a point in
spherical coordinate system
+ The changes in du and d| will cause the
distance change to rdu and rsinud|.
Fig. 1.14: Differential elements in spherical
coordinate system
+ To reduce the length of certain equations found in
electromagnetics : an operator, V called del or nabla.
+ In Cartesian coordinates for example:


+ The V operator itself has no physical meaning unless it is
associated with scalars and vectors.
+ Should be noted that some V operations yields scalars
while others yield vectors.
dz
d
z
dy
d
y
dx
d
x + + ~
1.5: DEL OPERATOR
+ The following operations involving V operator :

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