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3.1 Exponential Functions

This document provides an overview of exponential functions including: 1. The definition of exponential functions with a base a as f(x)=ax and evaluating examples. 2. Graphs of exponential functions y=ax and observations about their properties like domains, ranges, and being strictly increasing or decreasing based on the base a. 3. Applications of exponential functions including compound interest formulas and modeling radioactive decay with examples calculated.

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YukiC123
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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299 views

3.1 Exponential Functions

This document provides an overview of exponential functions including: 1. The definition of exponential functions with a base a as f(x)=ax and evaluating examples. 2. Graphs of exponential functions y=ax and observations about their properties like domains, ranges, and being strictly increasing or decreasing based on the base a. 3. Applications of exponential functions including compound interest formulas and modeling radioactive decay with examples calculated.

Uploaded by

YukiC123
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

Exponential Functions (section 3.1)


Definition of exponential functions.
Graph exponential functions.
Rules of exponential functions.
Compound Interest and other
applications.

2
Exponential Functions (pg 176)
Exponential function f with base a:
f(x) = a
x

where a>0, a=1, and x is any real number.




3
Evaluating (pg 176)
If f (x) = 3
x
find f (2) and f (- 2)
f (2) = 3
2
= 9 and
f (-2) = 3
-2
=
1
/
9






See the graph and table of values on the next page



4
Exponential Graph y=a
x
f (x) = 2
x
,

g(x) = 3
x
,

h (x) = 10
x










Domain: (-,) Range: (0,)


5
Some Observations (Rules)
For a positive and x and y real numbers
1) If a >1, then a
x
>1 for all x>0.
2) If a >1, and x<y, then a
x
<

a
y

Strictly increasing
3) If 0<a<1 and x<y then a
x
>

a
y
Strictly decreasing
4) For all x, a
x
>

0

Asymptote: lower bound
5) If a=1,then a
x
=

a
y
if and only if x=y
One-to-One. Useful in solving

6
Graph y=a
-x
=(1/a)
x
f (x) = 2
-
x
,

g(x) = 3
-
x
,

h (x) = 10
-
x










Domain: (-,) Range: (0,)




7
Transformations

f (x) = a
x-h
+k
f(x)= 2
x
D: (-, ), R: (0, )

g(x) = 2
x+1

D: (-, ), R: (0, )
h(x) = 2
x
2 D: (-, ), R: (-2, )





Sketch: Draw the asymptote first

8
Transformations

f (x) = a
x-h
+k
f(x)= 2
x

D: (-, ), R: (0, )

g(x) = -2
x

D: (-, ), R: (-, 0)




9
The Natural Exponential
Function e (pg 179)
e is an irrational number that
occurs frequently in science,
engineering, business and other
areas.
281828 2.71 45 8 9... e ~
The exponential function, f (x) = e
x
,
with e as its base is called the natural
exponential function.

10
Definition of e

We define e as the
1
lim 1
x
x
x

| |
+
|
\ .
x 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

2.7048

2.7169

2.7181

2.7183
1
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\ .

11
Graph of e
x
The function f(x)= e
x
is
strictly increasing
continuous
one-to-one
D: (-, ), R: (0, )

12
Graph of e
-x
This graph is obtained by reflecting
y=e
x
on the y- axis.

13
Application - Finance
Compound interest formula:



P: Principal (initial investment)
r: interest rate (decimal, per year)
n: compoundings per year
t: years
1
nt
r
A P
n
| |
= +
|
\ .
Continued on the next slide

14
Application continued
If $3000 is invested at an annual rate
of 6%, how much will we have in 10
years if it is compounded:
Annually
Quarterly
Monthly
Continuously
1
nt
r
A P
n
| |
= +
|
\ .
Continued on the next slide

15
Application continued

Annually:

Quarterly:

Monthly:


Continuously:
( )( )
1 10
.06
3000 1 $5372.54
1
A
| |
= + =
|
\ .
( )( )
4 10
.06
3000 1 $5442.06
4
A
| |
= + =
|
\ .
( )( )
12 10
.06
3000 1 $5458.19
12
A
| |
= + =
|
\ .
( )( )
10
.06
3000 1 ?? A

| |
= + =
|

\ .

16
Application
Continuous Compounding
rt
A Pe =
kt
y ne =
( )( )
.06 10
3000 $5466.36 A e = =
k: growth or decay constant

Application Science
1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident:
Plutonium has k = -0.00002845

Assume 10 pounds initially, how many
pounds of plutonium are left:
Today (2012)

In 100,000 years
17
( )
0.00002845 26
10 9.99 P e

= =
( )
0.00002845 100,000
10 0.58 P e

= =
( )
0.00002845
0
t
P Pe

=

Application Science
1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident:
Can also be modeled using half-life
using the compounding formula
Plutonium half-life = 24360 years

For 10 pounds initially
Today (2012)

In 100,000 years
18
( )
/24360
0
1 .5
t
P P =
( )
26/24360
10 .5 9.99 P = =
( )
100000/24360
10 .5 0.58 P = =

Testables
First Quiz
Graphing, Transformations

Later quiz and test
Graphing and transformations
Calculations using the formulas
19

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