Centrifugal Pumps
Training Program @ Petronet LNG
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PUMP
A pump is a machine that imparts energy to the liquid in it to flow or rise to a higher level / pressure or both.
A machine used for the purpose of transferring quantities of liquids from one place to another.
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PUMP
Types of Pumps
PUMPS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT Energy is imparted to the fixed volume of liquid.
ROTODYNAMIC
Kinetic energy of a rotor is converted in to fluid energy RECOPROCATING: PISTON / PLUNGER
ROTARY: UVEES LOBE, GEAR, VANE, PISTON
Positive Displacement Pumps
a. Reciprocating piston or plunger b. External gear c. Double screw d. Sliding vane e. Three lobe f. Twin circumferential piston g. Peristaltic .
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Rotodynamic Pump Theory
The (rotational) kinetic energy of impeller is transferred to liquid in the casing of the pump by dynamic action. The velocity of the flow is reduced to convert it in to potential energy and/or pressure energy. The Bernoulli's principle says so.
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Action of moving Blade
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Kinetic Energy Potential & Pressure Energy
This is achieved by the volute casing or diffuser vanes in which cross sectional area of the casing is gradually increased. This will decrease velocity of flow (KE) to result in increase in pressure.
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Simplify? . .
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How Rotodynamic Pump works?
Take a drum or bucket filled with liquid, say water. Stir the liquid with the help of a hand or tool say stick or plank.
What will happen?
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Working of RDP (contd.)
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CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
IMPELLERS
AXIS
CASINGS
STAGES
RADIAL FLOW
CLOSED
VERTICAL HOROZONTAL
DIFFUSER VOLUTE (IN VERTICAL
TURBINE PUMP)
SINGLE MULTI
AXIAL FLOW
SEMI OPEN
MIXED FLOW
OPEN
Classification of Rotodynamic Pump
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Centrifugal Pumps
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Multistage Pumps
Horizontal Centrifugal & Vertical Turbine Pumps
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Vertical Turbine Pumps
Generally mixed flow type, Single stage or Multi stage types. Other components; viz. entry bell, bearings, couplings and seals.
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Cryogenic Pumps
Cryogenic pumps are used for handling liquids at temperatures as low as 160C (-320F). Top suction pump design has become a standard in the industry for handling fluids which are near or at boiling point without vapor binding. such as Liquefied Oxygen, Nitrogen, Natural Gas, etc..
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Cryogenic Pumps (contd.)
Design considerations for cryogenic pumps include special metallurgical considerations due to low temperatures and flammability of liquefied gases such as LNG, liquid oxygen, thermal expansion and contraction and material behavior at cryogenic temperatures, and extremely low NPSH. Impellers may be either of the semi-open or closed design and are keyed to the shaft. Both single and multi-stage cryogenic pumps can be designed to incorporate an inducer for low NPSH applications. Inducers are individually sized for each application.
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Cryogenic Pumps (contd.)
Shaft sealing is provided by a precision labyrinth seal which operates at the pump suction pressure. Thermocouples are used to detect and monitor the liquid level in the pump column. This safety feature ensures that the labyrinth seals operate in vapor phase and icing at the support plate is eliminated. In one of design, easily replaceable cartridge assemblies are mounted in the bearing frame above the top mounting plate. This configuration provides greater support for the pump shaft and eliminates the reliance of the drive motor's bearings.
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Selection of Pump
.. is very important decision making. Important Parameters considered are . . . Head and Flow : The Duty or Operation combo Type of liquid; Clear, Contaminated, Corrosive, Viscous, Volatile, etc/ Input Power & Efficiency NPSH Required Maintenance requirement
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Estimation of Flow and Head +
The average flow/capacity requirement of
process most of the time and range of variation. The pressure sufficient to overcome total dynamic head for the flow required. NPSH available at suction side.
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Total Dynamic Head (TDH)=
Static Lift + Static Height + Pressure of Upstream System connected + Friction Losses + Other Losses
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Pump Characteristic Curves
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Interpretation of CC
As flow increases the head developed decreases. Power consumption increases with increase in flow NPSHr increases with increase inflow There exist a best efficiency point, to be targeted for fixing duty point near it
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Cavitation
Low pressure at the suction side of a pump can encounter the fluid to start boiling with reduced efficiency and cavitation damage of the pump as a result. Boiling starts when the pressure in the liquid is reduced to the vapor pressure of the fluid at the actual temperature.
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NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head )
NPSH available > NPSH required to avoid cavitation <?> Where; NPSHa = Atmospheric Pressure head Static head Vapour pressure head Friction head loss in the suction pipe; (installation and temperature of liquid dependent value) NPSHr, is a pump characteristics; its value is determined experimentally by pump manufacturer and part of the CC. Very important parameter for pump selection/installation.
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Model Modification
Pumps are selected for its operation at best efficiency point most of the time. If the duty point is not matching with BEP, what to do? Pump affinity laws can help us in necessary modification so that DP & BEP for the modification match as far as possible.
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Affinity Laws
The affinity laws express the mathematical relationship between the several variables involved in pump performance. They apply to all types of centrifugal and axial flow pumps. They are as follows: 2. With speed N held constant:
1. With impeller diameter D held constant:
So by changing the diameter of impeller or rotational speed one can bring DP and BEP nearer. Since it is not impractical to change the speed, trimming of the impeller is done. Refer the UVEES 26 Interpretation of CC Slide
Material of Construction
of Body - Impeller - Seals Mainly made of Cast Iron or Steel. Stainless Steel is used for corrosive liquids or food & pharmaceutical application. Special Material for reactive liquids: Special Metals (Alloys) e.g. Bronze, Hastelloy, Carpenter 20 etc. or Nonmetals (Polymers) like PVDF, PP etc. Lined (coated internally) for harsh liquids reducing cost of the special material, e.g. EPDM
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Static Sealing Material
Gaskets and O-rings EPDM VITON BUNA Natural Rubber Silicon Rubber
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Pump Standards
Some commonly used centrifugal pumps standards; ANSI/API 610-1995 - Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service Covers the minimum requirements for centrifugal pumps, including pumps running in reverse as hydraulic power recovery turbines, for use in petroleum, heavy duty chemicals, and gas industry services. The pump types covered by this standard can be broadly classified as overhung, between bearings, and vertically suspended. DIN EN ISO 5199 - Technical specifications for centrifugal pumps ASME B73.1-2001 - Specification for Horizontal End Suction Centrifugal Pumps for Chemical Process - This standard covers centrifugal pumps of horizontal, end suction single stage, centerline discharge design. This Standard includes dimensional interchangeability requirements and certain design features to facilitate installation and maintenance. It is the intent of this Standard that pumps of the same standard dimension designation from all sources of supply shall be interchangeable with respect to mounting dimensions, size and location of suction and discharge nozzles, input shafts, baseplates, and foundation bolt holes ASME B73.2-2003 - Specifications for Vertical In-Line Centrifugal Pumps for Chemical Process BS 5257:1975 - Specification for horizontal end-suction centrifugal pumps (16 bar) - Principal dimensions and nominal duty point. Dimensions for seal UVEES 29 cavities and base plate installations.
Q&A
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