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Pascal Principle

Pascal's principle states that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally throughout the fluid. A hydraulic system uses this principle to multiply force. It has a small piston and large piston connected by tubing filled with an incompressible fluid. Force applied to the small piston is transmitted to the large piston multiplied by the ratio of their surface areas. Hydraulic systems are used in lifts, jacks, and brakes to amplify input force into larger output force.

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tai58
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338 views

Pascal Principle

Pascal's principle states that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally throughout the fluid. A hydraulic system uses this principle to multiply force. It has a small piston and large piston connected by tubing filled with an incompressible fluid. Force applied to the small piston is transmitted to the large piston multiplied by the ratio of their surface areas. Hydraulic systems are used in lifts, jacks, and brakes to amplify input force into larger output force.

Uploaded by

tai58
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PASCALS PRINCIPLE

Pascals principle states that when pressure is


applied to an enclosed fluid, the pressure will be
transmitted equally throughout the whole
enclosed fluid.


When the piston is pushed into the glass sphere the jet of water is
shot out from the holes in the glass sphere with the same speed.
This is because the pressure acting on the water is transferred
uniformly throughout the water.
A small input force, F
1
is applied to the small piston resulting in
a large output force, F
2
.
Based on the Pascals Principle, the pressure is transmitted
uniformly in all directions,
P
1
= P
2


Hydraulic system
2
2
1
1
A
F

A
F
=
When incompressible fluid is moved through a hydraulic
system, the volume through which the input system
moved must be the same as the volume through which the
output system. Hence A
1
d
1
= A
2
d
2
Hydraulic systems acts as a force multiplier. They multiply
the input force by a certain factor to gain a larger output
force.
The magnitude of the force at the large piston depends on
(a) the force, F
1
, applied to the small piston,
(b) the ratio of the surface area of the piston,
A hydraulic system must not contain any air bubbles in any
position of its hydraulic fluid system. This will reduce the
efficiency of the system as part of the applied force will be
used up to compress the air bubbles.

The figure shows a basic hydraulic system has small and large
pistons with cross-sectional area of 0.005 m
2
and 0.1 m
2

respectively. A force of 20 N is applied to the small piston.
Determine
(a) The pressure transmitted in the hydraulic fluid.
P = 4 x 10
3
Pa
(b) The mass of the load.
m = 40 kg
(c) If the small piston is pushed down at a depth a 0.04 m, what is
the distance moved by the large piston.
d
2
= 0.002 m

Hidraulik Jack
When the handle is
pulled, valve P is still
closed and valve Q opens
so the pressure can be
sent to the larger piston.
The large piston will rise.
While the small piston is pulled out, valve Q closes and
valve P opens so that the oil in the tank enter into the
hydraulic cylinder as a result of atmospheric pressure.
By moving the push-pull handle a number of times , the
large piston can be raised carrying a heavy load.
Hidraulik Brake
A small force acting at the pedal can transmit a large
force to all wheels simultaneously to stop the car.
It is because the pressure will be transferred through the
pedal brake liquid to cars tyre .
Automobile Hydraulic Lift
A hydraulic lift for automobiles is an example of a force multiplied
by hydraulic press, based on Pascal's principle. The fluid in the small
cylinder must be moved much further than the distance the car is
lifted.
Example A Car Lift
The input piston has a radius of 0.0120 m
and the output plunger has a radius of
0.150 m.
The combined weight of the car and the
plunger is 20500 N. Suppose that the input
piston has a negligible weight and the bottom
surfaces of the piston and plunger are at
the same level. What is the required input
force?
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
1
A
A
F2 F
( )
( )
( )
N 131
m 150 . 0
m 0120 . 0
N 20500
2
2
1
= =
t
t
F

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