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Cell Switching: ATM: 2/15/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 1

This document discusses Cell Switching and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). It provides details on ATM including: - ATM uses fixed size cells (53 bytes) consisting of header and payload to minimize queuing delays and allow parallel switching. - ATM establishes virtual connections between endpoints using Virtual Channel Connections and bundles of VCCs using Virtual Path Connections. - The ATM Adaptation Layer segments data into cells for transmission and reassembles cells into data for receiving endpoints. - SONET is commonly used as the physical layer for ATM networks, with basic rate of 51.84 Mbps.

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Ali Ahmad
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33 views

Cell Switching: ATM: 2/15/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 1

This document discusses Cell Switching and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). It provides details on ATM including: - ATM uses fixed size cells (53 bytes) consisting of header and payload to minimize queuing delays and allow parallel switching. - ATM establishes virtual connections between endpoints using Virtual Channel Connections and bundles of VCCs using Virtual Path Connections. - The ATM Adaptation Layer segments data into cells for transmission and reassembles cells into data for receiving endpoints. - SONET is commonly used as the physical layer for ATM networks, with basic rate of 51.84 Mbps.

Uploaded by

Ali Ahmad
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell Switching: ATM

2/15/2006

CSCI 363 Computer Networks

Last time: Spanning Tree Algorithm


A B B3 C D B5 B2 E B7 F K

A message is considered better than the recorded info if: it ids a root with smaller id or it ids a root with equal id but shorter distance or

B1 G H

B6 I

B4 J

the root id and distance are equal, but the sending bridge has smaller id.

Before updating the info with the received message, the bridge adds 1 to the hop count.
When a bridge discovers it is not the root, it stops sending out messages of its own (only forwards those from other bridges after adding 1 to the hop count).

2/15/2006

CSCI 363 Computer Networks

Spanning Tree Algorithm


A B B3 C D B5 B2 E B7 F K

When a bridge discovers its not the designated bridge for that port, it stops sending configuration messages over that port. Eventually, the system stabilizes: only the root sends out configuration messages and the other bridges only forward them around.

B1 G H

B6 I

B4 J

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CSCI 363 Computer Networks

Broadcast and Multicast


Broadcast messages should still reach all the nodes in the extended LAN. Multicast messages should reach all the nodes in a multicast group independently of the LAN to which the nodes belong.

Question: How can one implement these kinds of messages on the extended LAN?
2/15/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 4

Cell Switching: ATM

2/15/2006

CSCI 363 Computer Networks

Asynchronous Transfer Mode


Similarities between ATM and packet switching
Transfer of data in discrete chunks Multiple logical connections over single physical interface

In ATM flow on each logical connection is in fixed sized packets called cells Minimal error and flow control
Reduced overhead

Data rates (physical layer) 25.6Mbps to 622.08Mbps


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ATM Logical Connections


Virtual channel connections (VCC)
Analogous to virtual circuit in X.25 Basic unit of switching Between two end users Full duplex Fixed size cells Data, user-network exchange (control) and networknetwork exchange (network management and routing)

Virtual path connection (VPC)


Bundle of VCC with same end points
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ATM Connection Relationship

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CSCI 363 Computer Networks

Advantages of Virtual Paths


Simplified network architecture Increased network performance and reliability Reduced processing Short connection setup time Enhanced network services
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ATM Cells
Fixed size 5 octet header 48 octet information field Small cells reduce queuing delay for high priority cells Small cells can be switched more efficiently Easier to implement switching of small cells in hardware
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ATM Cell Format

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Header Error Control


8 bit error control field Calculated on remaining 32 bits of header Allows some error correction

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Generic Flow Control (GFC)


Control traffic flow at user to network interface (UNI) to alleviate short term overload Two sets of procedures
Uncontrolled transmission Controlled transmission

Every connection either subject to flow control or not Subject to flow control
May be one group (A) default May be two groups (A and B)

Flow control is from subscriber to network


Controlled by network side
2/15/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 13

ATM, Technical architecture


Connection-oriented, packet switched or rather, cell switched.
header payload

ATM cell fixed-length: 53 bytes (48 bytes payload) Why use fixed-length packets: Processing packets of fixed length is simpler. Possible to divide the task of switching into a number of elements that work in parallel (scalability).
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Queueing behavior
switch (latency)

inputs

outputs

Get packet from queue, start transmitting (no preemption). If another packet for the same destination arrives, it must wait.

Question: What is the longest time that the output gets tied up to a single packet? Question: Does the use of fixed-length cells reduce queue length?
2/15/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 15

Queueing behavior
packet 4 KB
(max length)

100 Mbps

switch

Question: What is the time to transmit a max length packet?

Question: What is the time to transmit an ATM cell?

Question: What is the longest time that a packet or cell has to wait until it is transmitted?

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Queueing behavior
packet A 4MB 100 Mbps switch

packet B 4MB
Say that when a packet starts to arrives, the switch waits for the complete packet to be captured before it is forwarded. Question: What happens to the utilization of the outgoing link? switch 100 Mbps A B Question: Does the utilization of the outgoing link change with small, fixed-length cells?
2/15/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 17

Cell format
4 GFC 8 VPI 16 VCI 3 Ty pe 1 CLP 8 HEC (CRC-8) 384 (48 by tes) Pay load

(UNI)

GFC: generic flow control

VPI: virtual path identifier


VCI: virtual circuit identifier Type: used for management (congestion, signaling, framing)

CLP: cell loss priority (what gets tossed in case of overload)


HEC: header error check Question: Why is it important to check the header for errors?
2/15/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 18

Segmentation and Reassembly


IP
outgoing packet from upper layer

IP
incoming packet to upper layer

AAL

AAL

ATM Adaptation Layer

cells
ATM ATM

cells

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ATM Adaptation Layer 3/4


packet
8
CPI

8
Btag

16
BASize

< 64 KB
User data

0 24 Pad

8 0

8
Etag

16
Len

40 ATM header

2 Ty pe

4 SEQ

10 MID

352 (44 by tes) Pay load

6 Length

10 CRC-10

40 ATM header

2 Ty pe

4 SEQ

10 MID

352 (44 by tes) Pay load

6 Length

10 CRC-10

cells AAL 3: connection-oriented packet services (X.25) AAL 4: connectionless packet services (IP) Both ended up merged into one layer AAL 3/4
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Encapsulation and Segmentation for AAL 3/4


CS-PDU header 44 by tes User data 44 by tes CS-PDU trailer 44 by tes 44 by tes

AAL header ATM header

AAL trailer Cell pay load Padding

PDU: protocol data unit; think of it as a kind of packet specific to a certain protocol.
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AAL 3/4 Cell Types


40 ATM header 2 Ty pe 4 SEQ 10 MID 352 (44 by tes) Pay load 6 Length 10 CRC-10

Value 10 00
01 11
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Name BOM COM


EOM SSM
CSCI 363 Computer Networks

Meaning Beginning of message Continuation of message End of message


Single-segment message
22

ATM Adaptation Layer 5


Created to simplify what AAL 3/4 had made complicated.
< 64 KB Data 0 47 bytes Pad 16 Reserved 16 Len
Padding User data 48 by tes 48 by tes CS-PDU trailer 48 by tes

32 CRC-32

ATM header

Cell pay load

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ATM Adaptation Layer 5


Created to simplify what AAL 3/4 had made complicated.
40 ATM header 2 Ty pe 4 SEQ 10 MID 352 (44 by tes) Pay load 6 Length 10 CRC-10

AAL 3/4 cell

Change the ATM cell header to drop the 2-bit Type and use instead 1 bit to help with framing. If that bit is set, the cell is the last chunk of information in a PDU. The next cell corresponds to the next PDU; subsequent cells are assumed to be COM until another cell is received with user signaling bit set.
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Virtual Path
Public network Network A Network B

VPI (8 bits): Establishes a path between two sites. VCI (16 bits): Establishes the connection between the endpoints in each of the two sites. Effectively what you have is a two-level hierarchy of VC connections. Switches in the public network do not have to deal with individual virtual circuits between two sites.
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The ATM Reference Model


The ATM reference model.

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The ATM Reference Model (2)

The ATM layers and sublayers and their functions.


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Physical Layer of ATM


ATM could run on top of any physical media in theory Most popular medium is the fiber optics network (e.g. SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)), the current most popular long distance network medium

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SONET
Time-division multiplexing (TDMA) 810-byte frame is transmitted every 125 u seconds (making it 8000 frames/sec, compatible with PCM channel in digital phone systems) The basic rate is thus 51.84 Mbps (810*8*8000 = 51.84 Mbps). This is called STS-1 for Synchronous Transport Signal 1. All SONET trunks are a multiple of STS-1
2/15/2006 CSCI 363 Computer Networks 29

Other Common Bandwidth


Service Electrical Optical DS 1 (T1) DS3 (T3) STS-1 OC-1 STS-3 OC-3 STS-12 OC-12 STS-24 OC-24 STS-48 OC-48
2/15/2006

Bandwidth 1.544 Mbps 44.736 Mbps 51.84 Mbps 155.250 Mbps 622.080 Mbps 1.244160 Gbps 2.488320 Gbps
30

CSCI 363 Computer Networks

ATM and LAN


LAN is designed to have easy broadcast and multicast capability ATM is designed as a switch, not easy to broadcast or multicast To make the two inter-operable, two approaches
Re-design protocols that rely on broadcast (e.g. ARP has its sibling ATMARP) Have ATM emulate LAN

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