Lecture No 1

Microprocessor
Prepared by : Ala Eldin Abdallah Awouda.
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1. 2. 3. 4.

Course Layout:

Technology and concepts of microprocessors. Von-Neumann Model. p families Intel (486, 386, Pentium). Intel 8085 microprocessor (CPU) Architecture and Addressing Modes ( register addressing, immediate addressing, direct addressing, register indirect addressing,
based addressing, index addressing, based index addressing, string addressing, relative addressing,

implied addressing

, buses characteristics , main memory (addressing,

Data Bus

organization, and architecture), Registers. 5. 8085 Pins, Signals, Bus Cycle, Address, and Concepts.

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Course Layout:
6. Assembly Language. Instruction Set and Instructions Format instruction, op-code, operands, encoding of instructions and data, signed and unsigned conditional branch instruction, conditional jump affecting individual flags. Instruction format 7. Address space. The control structure of a stored program sequential, conditional, iteration, subroutines, stack, and data movement instructions (push/ pop, MOV), arithmetic and logic instructions (shift, add, subtraction, comparison). 8. Instruction cycle: fetch, decode, fetch data, execute, and store result. 9. Assembler Dependent and Pseudo Instruction.
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Reference Book:
1. The 8088 and 8086 Microprocessors, Walter A. Triebel and Avtar Singh, Fourth Edition. 2. Microprocessors and Interfacing Programming and Hardware, Douglas V. Hall, Second Edition

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Contents:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Introduction. What is Computer ?. What is Microprocessor ?. What is CPU ?. Operation Types in a Microprocessor. Microprocessor interfacing. The Intel 8086 Microprocessor.
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Why??
A Microprocessor is great at solving problems, but if it cant communicate with the outside world, it is of little worth. A Microcomputer performs a task by reading and executing the set of instructions written in its memory. This set of instructions, written in a sequence, is called a program. Each instruction in the program is a command, in binary, to the microprocessor to perform an operation. Assembly language is low level language.
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1-1 Introduction
The Microprocessor is something like the heart of a computer.

The microprocessor world become more complicated. The item processor was solely used for the central processing unit (CPU) of the von-Neuman-model. The microprocessor can be programmed to perform functions on given data by writing specific instructions into its memory. The microprocessor reads one instruction at a time, matches it with its instruction set, and performs the data manipulation specified. The result is either stored back into memory or displayed on an output device.
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1-2 What is Computer ???

Computer
Data Processing

Data Storage

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Major Components of a Computer

MEMORY I/O
SYSTEM BUS Computer

CPU

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1-3 What is Microprocessor ?

CPU

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1-4 What is CPU ?

Control Unit & Instruction Decoder

Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Registers

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To synchronize and control the

overall operation of the P system

Control Unit & Instruction Decoder

Arithmetic/Logic Unit

To decode instruction and Registers pass the necessary control signals to CU

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To perform the arithmetic and logical operations within the CPU

Control Unit & Instruction Decoder

Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Registers To perform shift and rotate operations that may either be arithmetic or logical in nature

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 Control and Status Registers User-Variable Registers Control Unit & Instruction Decoder A set of internal storage locations within the CPU Arithmetic/Logic Unit

Registers

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Past Microprocessors ...

1971: Intel 4004 - The first microprocessor on the market

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1-5 Operation Types in a Microprocessor

All of the operations of the microprocessor can be classified into one of three: - Microprocessor Initiated Operations. - Internal Operations. - Peripheral Initiated Operations.

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Microprocessor Initiated Operations

These are operations that the microprocessor itself starts. These are usually one of four operations: Memory Read. Memory Write. I/O Write(Send data to an output device). I/O Read (Get data from an input device). It is important to note that the microprocessor treats memory and I/O devices the same way. 6/18/2013 Lecture No 1 18

Microprocessor Internal Operations

The microprocessor can perform a number of internal operations such as: 1. Storing Data. 2. Logic Operations. 3. Testing for Condition. 4. Arithmetic Operations.

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1-6 Microprocessor interfacing

A microprocessor communicates with other devices using some of its pins. Processors software reads and writes a port just like a register. Processor has one or more N-bit ports. Processor has address, data and control ports that form a single bus. Communication protocol is built into the processor. A single instruction carries out the read or write protocol on the bus.
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1-7 The Intel 8086 Microprocessor

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1-8 Components of Intel 8086 Architecture

The components of Intel 8086 microprocessor are: 1. Buses. 2. Memory. 3. Registers. 4. I/O Units. 5. Control Unit (CU). 6. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

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 Early computer programs were hard wired. To reprogram a computer mean to change the hardware switches manually, that took a long time with potential errors. The computer memory was only used for storing data. Dr John von Neumann suggested in 1946 that data and programs should be stored together in memory, it is now called Von Neumann architecture. The von Neumann processor has been the foundation of computing from the start. In it the programs are fetched from memory for executions by a central unit that is what we call the CPU. Basically programs and data are represented on memory in the same way. The program is just data coded for special meaning.
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1-9 Von Neumann Architecture

Cont
A computer design model that uses a processing unit and a single separate storage structure to hold both instructions and data. Named after mathematician and early computer scientist John von Neumann.

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1-10 Components of Von Neumann Architecture

The components of Von-Neumann microprocessor are: 1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). 2. Control Unit (CU). 3. I/O Units. 4. Memory. 5. Buses.

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Cont
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) : The ALU is where calculation and logical operations take place. Control Unit : The control unit controls the operations of the memory, ALU, and the input/output subsystem. Input/Output: The input subsystem accepts input data and the program from outside the computer; the output subsystem sends the result of processing to the outside. Memory : Memory is the storage area. It is where programs and data are stored during processing.
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STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT

The von Neumann model states that the program must be stored in memory. This is totally different from the architecture of early computers in which only the data were stored in memory. Both the data and programs should have the same format because they are stored in memory. They are, in fact, stored as binary patterns (a sequence of 0s and 1s ) in memory. SEQUENTIAL EXECUTION OF INSTRUCTIONS: A program in the von Neumann model is made of a finite number of instructions. In this model, the control unit fetches one instruction from memory, interprets it, and then executes it.
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1-11 Von Neumann microprocessor

A Von Neumann microprocessor is a processor that follows this pattern: 1. Fetch: An instruction and the necessary data are obtained from memory. 2. Decode: The instruction and data are separated, and the components and pathways required to execute the instruction are activated. 3. Execute: The instruction is performed, the data is manipulated, and the results are stored.
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Cont
The Execute is typically implemented by separating the task to:

1. Control : The control unit reads the instruction, and activates the appropriate parts of the datapath. 2. Datapath: The datapath is the pathway that the data takes through the microprocessor. As the data travels to different parts of the datapath, the command signals from the control unit cause the data to be manipulated in specific ways, according to the instruction. The datapath consists of the circuitry for transforming data and for storing temporary data. It contains ALUs capable of transforming data through operations such as addition, subtraction, logical AND, OR, inverting, and shifting.
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