PROJECT PRESENTATION ON :MICROCONTROLLER-BASED ULTRASONIC DISTANCE METER

Guided By: Mr. ABHAY SHARMA Ms. POOJA JAPRA

Prepared By: 1. PAWAN KARDAM 2. AJITH.M 3. MOHIT KUMAR SAHU 4. PRADEEP KUMAR

CONTENTS
1. PROBLEM STATEMENT 2. PRINCIPLE OF WORKING 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM 4. ULTRASONIC 5. CONCEPT OF ULTRA SONIC WAVES 6. COMPONENTS 7. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 8. DESIGN PATTERN 9. LIST OF ALL COMPONENTS 10.APPLICATIONS 11.FURTHER DEVELOPMENT 12.REFRENCES

PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. To design a handy device for non-contact measurement of distance. 2. For measurement of shorter distances only 3. Using a microcontroller for better understanding of its functioning. 4. Less cost manufacture

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING
The techniques of distance measurement using ultrasonic in air include continuous wave and pulse echo technique. In the pulse echo method, a burst of pulses is sent through the transmission medium and is reflected by an object kept at specified distance. The time taken for the pulse to propagate from transmitter to receiver is proportional to the distance of object. For contact less measurement of distance, the device has to rely on the target to reflect the pulse back to itself.

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING(CONT.)
The target needs to have a proper orientation that is it needs to be perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the pulses. The amplitude of the received signal gets significantly attenuated and is a function of nature of the medium and the distance between the transmitter and target. The pulse echo or time-of-flight method of range measurement is subject to high levels of signal attenuation when used in an air medium, thus limiting its distance range.

PRINCIPLE OF WORKING(CONT.)

BLOCK DIAGRAM

ULTRASONIC
These are waves of frequency greater than 20KHz. They travel with velocity of sound.

Because of shorter wave length they travel as sharp beam.

They undergo reflection.

CONCEPT OF ULTRASONIC WAVES

1. The UT scope mainframe generates ultrasonic vibrations and sends them through the test object in a beam of short bursts of energy. 2. Any discontinuity in the path of the ultrasonic beam, as well as the far side of the test object, reflects the vibrations back to the instrument. 3. The time required for the initial pulse to travel through this material and subsequently return as an echo is displayed on a cathode ray tube (CRT) as a thickness or distance measurement.

COMPONENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. AT89C2051 microcontroller ULN2003 current buffer CD4049 hex inverting buffer LM324 quad operational amplifier 7815, 15V regulator 7915, -15V regulator 7805, 5V regulator

AT89C2051 microcontroller
Features:
1. Compatible with MCS-51Products 2. 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 3. 2.7V to 6V Operating Range 4. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz 5. Two-level Program Memory Lock 6. 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 7. 15 Programmable I/O Lines 8. Two 16-bit Timer/Counters 9. Six Interrupt Sources 10. Programmable Serial UART Channel 11. Direct LED Drive Outputs 12. On-chip Analog Comparator 13. Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes 14. Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

DESIGN PROCEDURE
The circuit has been divided into two divisions. (i) Digital section- micro controller and LCD display unit with 5volt power supply . (ii) Analog section (a) Transmitting side - Ultrasonic transducers, gain amplifier CMOS analog switch. (b) Receiving side - comparator, gain amplifier, voltage limiter. (c) +15V and -15V power supply.

CIRCUIT Diagram:

LIST OF ALL COMPONENTS utilized in the project.

Item

Size Or Part No

Qty.

semiconductors

IC1 - AT89C2051 microcontroller IC3 - CD4049 hex inverting buffer IC5 - 7815, 15V regulator IC7 - 7805, 5V regulator T5 - 2N2222 npn transistor D3-D6 - 1N4007 rectifier diode 7-segment display

IC2 - ULN2003 current buffer IC4 - LM324 quad operational amplifier IC6 - 7915, -15V regulator T1-T4 - BC557 pnp transistor D1, D2 - 1N4148 switching diode DIS1-DIS4 - LTS 542 common-anode,

Resistors (all -watt, 5% carbon):

R1, R2 - 2-mega-ohm R4, R7-R10 - 10-kilo-ohm R6 - 100-kilo-ohm R12-R15 - 1.2-kilo-ohm RNW1 - 10-kilo-ohm resistor network

R3 - 82-kilo-ohm R5 - 33-kilo-ohm R11 - 1-kilo-ohm R16 - 220-ohm VR1 - 1-kilo-ohm preset

capacitors

C1, C2 - 3.3nF ceramic disk C3 - 2.2nF ceramic disk C5, C6 - 22pF ceramic disk

C7, C10-C12 - 0.1F ceramic disk C4 - 10F, 16V electrolytic C8, C9 - 1000F, 50V electrolytic

Miscellaneous:

X1 - 230V AC primary to 15V-0-15V, 500mA secondary transformer XTAL - 12MHz crystal S1 - Push-to-on switch S2 - On/off switch TX1 - 40kHz ultrasonic transmitter RX1 - 40kHz ultrasonic receiver

APPLICATIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Car parking system General measurement on construction type sites In robotics for avoiding colligens Deffects findings in machines Automated bracking system Assistance for the blind Flow detection, Thickness gauging, Measurement of various physical properties of materials. Extent of corrosion Estimation of grain sizes in polycrystalline materials. Measurement of pressure, concentration temperature, viscosity and flow rates. 13. Leak detection 14. Variable delay lines for computer applications and imaging, 15. Liquid level control

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
1. Improve the measuring distance. 2. Size can be reduce using VLSI 3. Power can be reduce using LCD display & VLSI technology. 4. Assistance for the blind 5. Velocity meter 6. Long range and short range mode selection. 7. Pc interface. 8. Periphery mapper.

REFRENCES
[1] M. Morris Mano and M. D. Ciletti, Digital Design, 4th Edition, Pearson Education [2] A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford University Press, 5th Ed. [3] Mazidi Ali Muhammad, Mazidi Gillispie Janice, and McKinlay Rolin D., The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems using Assembly and C, Pearson, 2ND Edition. [4] NDT International, Inc. Basic Ultrasonic Principles [5] Datasheets of all the components involved

Thank you