Open Hole Well Logging: Tools, Utility and How to Interpret the Chart
Miftahul Firdaus
Petroleum Engineering UPNVeteran Yogyakarta Yogyakarta, 19 July 2008
The Short Course
What you should know
Basic hydrocarbon geology Basic reservoir engineering Basics of drilling a well Basic Logging tools?
What you should learn..?
What logging means Understanding of log analysis Simple log analysis (Quick Look) Comparison to core Introduction to computer (S/W) based interpretation
Contents :
The Logging Environment & Evaluation of HC Permeable Zone Logs. Spontaneous Potential Log (SP) Gamma Ray Logs (GR) Resistivity Logs. Induction Logs Lateral Logs Porosity Logs. Neutron Logs Densitas Logs Sonic Logs Clean Formation Interpretation Shaly Formation Interpretation
Logging Environment & Evaluation of Hydrocarbon
Definitions
Log Sampling rate / logging speed Vertical resolution Depth of investigation Invasion Logging truck/unit Logging tools
THE LOGGING ENVIRONMENT
Maxis acquisition system
Wireline /field Engineer Client (Witness) Acquisition Equipment Unit Engine
Winch man Cable drum
Wireline cable to downhole tools
Logging Truck
Type of Logging
Open hole logging Cased hole logging
Perforation & Production logging
What does logging mean?
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What does logging mean?
Tool string is moving at a certain logging speed, and data are recorded at certain intervals called sampling rate.
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What does logging mean?
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What does logging mean?
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What does logging mean?
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What does logging mean?
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And we get a group of wiggly lines called a log
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First well logs recorded in 1927
Modern logs have more measurements but the principle is the same
1600
Shading is often added to make the log curves easier to read. Some times a large group of log curves are grouped and color coded into an Image. More on this later
1700
Gamma Ray (GR) 0 (GAPI) 150 1:220 Ft Pad -180 180 1 RX18 200 1 1000 Rt from HALS 1000 5.00 7.75 12.01 18.62 28.85 44.72 69.81 107.43 166.51 258.08 400.00 AHTPR
SP (SP) 0 (MV)
FXND 50 (PU) 0 1
Rt from AITH (OHMM) 1000
Mud Resistivity from HALS 1 Mud Resistivity from AITH 1 (OHMM) 1000 1000 90
90
Vertical Resolution + Sampling Rate
Coarse sampling rate
Fine sampling rate
Volume of measurement depth of investigation Depth of investigation of different measurements J-curves
Invasion Process
The Process of Invasion
Mud pressure in the annulus (Pm) Hydrostatic pressure of fluid in the formation pores (Pr)
Pm must be kept greater than Pr
Prevent a well blowout Forces drilling mud into the formation
Invasion happens solid particles on the formation wall & form a mud cake Liquid that passes into the formation and pushes back some of reservoir fluids , mud filtrate
Invasion
Invasion Profile
Nomenclature:
Borehole: Rm = Resistivity of mud. Rmc = Resistivity of mud cake. Flushed Zone: Rmf = Resistivity of mud filtrate. RXO = Resistivity of flushed zone. SXO = Water Saturation of flushed zone. Uninvaded or Virgin Zone: RT = True resistivity of formation. RW = Resistivity of formation water. SW = Formation Water Saturation. RS = Resistivity of adjacent bed or shoulder bed resistivity. di = Diameter of invasion. dh = Borehole diameter. h = Bed thickness.
Impact of Invasion on Resistivity Measurement
1. Flushed zone diameter (df.) Containing only Mud Filtrate (Rmf ) Residual Hydrocarbon Resistivity of Flushed Zone (Rxo). Water Saturation of Flushed Zone (Sxo). Thickness ~ 6 inches.
2. Transition zone diameter (dj.) May extend several feet.
3. Undisturbed zone: Resistivity of Formation Water (Rw) True Resistivity of Formation (Rt) Water Saturation (Sw) .
Fundamental Interpretation Relations
Definition of Resistivities
Definition of Resistivities
A. Resistivity of Formation Water (Rw). First, the tank is filled with water containing 10 % NaCl to simulate an formation water. The ratio V / I1 (volts/amperes) is Rw V Rw = ----- [ ohmm] I1 B. Resistivity of Formation (Ro). Sand is poured into the water filled tank. The voltage is applied and a current I2 is measured. V Ro = ----- [ ohmm] I2
Ro > Rw
Formation Factor, F
The Resistivity, Ro must be proportional to Rw since only the water conducts. Ro1 = F Rw1 Ro2 = F Rw2 Ro3 = F Rw3 Thus, Ro = F Rw The proportionality constant F is termed the Formation Factor Dimana F = Formation Resistivity Factor. On general principles, F must be related to porosity by relation of the form : 1 F = ----------m m = Cementation exponent, m = 1.3 - 2.2 (1)
(2)
Archies Plot, Formation Factor (F) Vs Porosity () & Permeability (K)
Definition of Resistivities
C. True Resistivity (Rt). Fraction of the pore water is replaced by oil (Sw < 1) The same voltage, V, and current I3 V Rt = ----- [ ohmm] I3 Rt = I Ro where, I = Resistivity Index
Rt > Ro
(3)
1 I = ----------Sw n where, n = Saturation exponent ( 2)
(4)
Knowing Ro and Rt (from eq. 1,2,3&4), Water saturation (Sw) can be calculated : Ro = ----------Sw n
Rt
Sw n
F. Rw = -----------Rt
This is the basic equation of log interpretation
Logging Tools
Standard Logging String (Triple Combo)
Formation Gamma Ray Neutron Porosity Density (Porosity) Caliper (hole size) Pad Resistivity (good v.resolution) Resistivity (good depth investigation) Spontaneous Potential Mud Resistivity
Conveyance
Open Hole Measurements : Wireline Logging. LWD (Logging While Drilling) Logging on Drill Pipe (TLC) Tractor
Why we log ?
Why we log ?
Lithology (reservoir rock?) Resistivity (HC,water,both?) Porosity (how much HC?) What type of HC
Multiwell Plots
