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    Cellular Aging: It General, The Life Expectancy of An Individual Depends Upon The Following Factors

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    Cellular aging is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors and results in structural and functional changes in organs over time. Studies show that cultured human fibroblasts can replicate approximately 50 times before senescing, associated with loss of chromosome material or shortening of telomeres. Genetic factors like clock genes control aging rates in invertebrates. Premature aging diseases show signs of accelerated aging. The oxidative stress hypothesis proposes that aging is caused partly by accumulation of oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species that cells cannot eliminate. Organ system changes in aging include atherosclerosis, brain atrophy, bone and muscle degeneration, vision loss, hearing loss, reduced immunity, skin laxity, and increased cancer risk.

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    Cellular Aging: It General, The Life Expectancy of An Individual Depends Upon The Following Factors

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    snehagpt
    41 views6 pages
    Cellular aging is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors and results in structural and functional changes in organs over time. Studies show that cultured human fibroblasts can replicate approximately 50 times before senescing, associated with loss of chromosome material or shortening of telomeres. Genetic factors like clock genes control aging rates in invertebrates. Premature aging diseases show signs of accelerated aging. The oxidative stress hypothesis proposes that aging is caused partly by accumulation of oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species that cells cannot eliminate. Organ system changes in aging include atherosclerosis, brain atrophy, bone and muscle degeneration, vision loss, hearing loss, reduced immunity, skin laxity, and increased cancer risk.

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    Cellular Aging

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    Cellular aging is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors and results in structural and functional changes in organs over time. Studies show that cultured human fibroblasts can replicate approximately 50 times before senescing, associated with loss of chromosome material or shortening of telomeres. Genetic factors like clock genes control aging rates in invertebrates. Premature aging diseases show signs of accelerated aging. The oxidative stress hypothesis proposes that aging is caused partly by accumulation of oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species that cells cannot eliminate. Organ system changes in aging include atherosclerosis, brain atrophy, bone and muscle degeneration, vision loss, hearing loss, reduced immunity, skin laxity, and increased cancer risk.

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    41 views6 pages

    Cellular Aging: It General, The Life Expectancy of An Individual Depends Upon The Following Factors

    Uploaded by

    snehagpt
    Cellular aging is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors and results in structural and functional changes in organs over time. Studies show that cultured human fibroblasts can replicate approximately 50 times before senescing, associated with loss of chromosome material or shortening of telomeres. Genetic factors like clock genes control aging rates in invertebrates. Premature aging diseases show signs of accelerated aging. The oxidative stress hypothesis proposes that aging is caused partly by accumulation of oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species that cells cannot eliminate. Organ system changes in aging include atherosclerosis, brain atrophy, bone and muscle degeneration, vision loss, hearing loss, reduced immunity, skin laxity, and increased cancer risk.

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    CELLULAR AGING

    It general, the life expectancy of an individual depends upon the following factors: 1. Intrinsic genetic process 2. Environmental factors 3. Lifestyle of the individual 4. Age-related diseases e.g. atherosclerosis and ischaemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoporosis, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease etc.

    Cellular basis
    With age, structural and functional changes occur in different organs and systems of the human body. 1. Experimental cellular senescence. By in vitro studies of tissue culture, it has been observed that cultured human fibroblasts replicate for up to 50 population doublings and then the culture dies out. Studies have shown that there is either loss of chromosome 1 or deletion of its long arm (1q). Alternatively it has been observed that with every cell division there is progressive shortening of telomere present at the tips of chromosomes, which in normal cell is repaired by the presence of RNA enzyme, telomerase

    2. Genetic control in invertebrates. Clock (clk)


    genes responsible for controlling the rate and time of aging have been identified in lower invertebrates e.g. clk-1 gene mutation in the metazoa. Caenorhabditis elegans.

    3. Diseases of accelerated aging. A heritable


    condition associated with signs of accelerated aging process is termed progeria and is characterised by baldness, cataracts, and coronary artery disease.

    4. Oxidative stress hypothesis (free radicalmediated injury). Currently, it is believed that


    aging is partly caused by progressive and reversible molecular oxidative damage due to persistent oxidative stress on the human cells. With aging, there is low metabolic rate with generation of toxic oxygen radicals, which fail to get eliminated causing their accumulation and hence cell damage. The underlying mechanism appears to be oxidative damage to mitochondria. The role of antioxidant in retarding the oxidant damage has been reported in some studies.

    ORGAN CHANGES IN AGING


    1. Cardiovascular system: Atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis with calcification, brown atrophy of heart, loss of elastic tissue from aorta and major arterial trunks causing their dilatation. 2. Nervous system: Atrophy of gyri and sulci, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease. 3. Musculoskeletal system: Degenerative bone diseases, frequent fractures due to loss of bone density, age related muscular degeneration. 4. Eyes: Deterioration of vision due to cataract and vascular changes in retina.

    5. Hearing: Disability in hearing due to senility is related to otosclerosis. 6. Immune system: Reduced IgG response to antigens, frequent and severe infections. 7. Skin: laxity of skin due to loss of elastic tissue. 8. Cancers: 80% of cancers occur in the age range of 50 to 80 years.

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