Object-Relational

Databases
User-Defined Types
Object ID’s
Nested Tables

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 Merging Relational and
Object Models
◆ Object-oriented models support
interesting data types --- not just
flat files.
◗ Maps, multimedia, etc.
◆ The relational model supports
very-high-level queries.
◆ Object-relational databases are an
attempt to get the best of both.
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 Evolution of DBMS’s
◆ Object-oriented DBMS’s failed
because they did not offer the
efficiencies of well-entrenched
relational DBMS’s.
◆ Object-relational extensions to
relational DBMS’s capture much of
the advantages of OO, yet retain
the relation as the fundamental
abstraction. 3
 SQL-99 and Oracle
Features
◆ SQL-99 includes many of the
object-relational features to be
described.
◆ However, being so new, different
DBMS’s use different approaches.
◗ We’ll sometimes use features and
syntax from Oracle.

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 User Defined Types
◆ A user-defined type, or UDT, is
essentially a class definition, with
a structure and methods.
◆ Two uses:
◗ As a rowtype, that is, the type of a
relation.
◗ As the type of an attribute of a
relation.
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 UDT Definition
CREATE TYPE <typename> AS (
<list of attribute-type pairs>
);
◆ Oracle syntax:
1. Add “OBJECT” as in CREATE … AS
OBJECT.
2. Follow with / to have the type stored.

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 Example: UDT Definition
CREATE TYPE BarType AS (
name CHAR(20),
addr CHAR(20)
);
CREATE TYPE BeerType AS (
name CHAR(20),
manf CHAR(20)
);
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 References
◆ If T is a type, then REF T is the
type of a reference to T, that is, a
pointer to an object of type T.
◆ Often called an “object ID” in OO
systems.
◆ Unlike object ID’s, a REF is visible,
although it is usually gibberish.

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 Example: REF
CREATE TYPE MenuType AS (
bar REF BarType,
beer REF BeerType,
price FLOAT
);
◆ MenuType objects look like:

3.00
To a BarType
object To a BeerType
object
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 UDT’s as Rowtypes
◆ A table may be defined to have a
schema that is a rowtype, rather
than by listing its elements.
◆ Syntax:
CREATE TABLE <table name> OF
<type name>;

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 Example: Creating a
Relation
CREATE TABLE Bars OF BarType;

CREATE TABLE Beers OF BeerType;

CREATE TABLE Sells OF MenuType;

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Values of Relations with a
Rowtype
◆ Technically, a relation like Bars,
declared to have a rowtype
BarType, is not a set of pairs --- it
is a unary relation, whose tuples
are objects with two components:
name and addr.
◆ Each UDT has a type constructor
of the same name that wraps
objects of that type. 12
 Example: Type
Constructor
◆ The query
SELECT * FROM Bars;
◆ Produces “tuples” such as:
BarType(’Joe’’s Bar’, ’Maple St.’)

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 Accessing Values From a
Rowtype
◆ In Oracle, the dot works as
expected.
◗ But it is a good idea, in Oracle, to use
an alias for every relation, when O-R
features are used.
◆ Example:
SELECT bb.name, bb.addr
FROM Bars bb;
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Accessing Values: SQL-99
Approach
◆ In SQL-99, each attribute of a UDT
has generator (get the value) and
mutator (change the value)
methods of the same name as the
attribute.
◗ The generator for A takes no
argument, as A().
◗ The mutator for A takes a new value
as argument, as A(v).
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Example: SQL-99 Value Access
◆ The same query in SQL-99 is

SELECT bb.name(), bb.addr()

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 Inserting Rowtype Values
◆ In Oracle, we use a standard INSERT
statement.
◗ But remember that a relation with a
rowtype is really unary and needs that type
constructor.
◆ Example:
INSERT INTO Bars VALUES(
BarType(’Joe’’s Bar’, ’Maple St.’)
); 17
 Inserting Values: SQL-99
Style
◆ Create a variable X of the
suitable type, using the
constructor method for that type.
◆ Use the mutator methods for the
attributes to set the values of the
fields of X.
◆ Insert X into the relation.

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 Example: SQL-99 Insert
◆ The following must be part of a
procedure, e.g., PSM, so we have a
variable newBar. Mutator methods
SET newBar = BarType(); change newBar’s
name and addr
newBar.name(’Joe’’s Bar’);components.
newBar.addr(’Maple St.’);
INSERT INTO Bars
VALUES(newBar);
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 UDT’s as Column Types
◆ A UDT can be the type of an
attribute.
◆ In either another UDT declaration,
or in a CREATE TABLE statement,
use the name of the UDT as the
type of the attribute.

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 Example: Column Type
CREATE TYPE AddrType AS (
street CHAR(30),
city CHAR(20),
zip INT
);
CREATE TABLE Drinkers ( Values of addr and
favBeer components
name CHAR(30), are objects with 3 and
addr AddrType, 2 fields, respectively.

favBeer BeerType
); 21
Oracle Problem With Field
Access
◆ You can access a field F of an
object that is the value of an
attribute A by A.F .
◆ However, you must use an alias,
say rr, for the relation R with
attribute A, as rr.A.F .

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Example: Field Access in Oracle
◆ Wrong:
SELECT favBeer.name
FROM Drinkers;
◆ Wrong:
SELECT Drinkers.favBeer.name
FROM Drinkers;
◆ Right:
SELECT dd.favBeer.name
FROM Drinkers dd;
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 Following REF’s: SQL-99
Style
◆ A -> B makes sense if:
◗ A is of type REF T.
◗ B is an attribute (component) of
objects of type T.
◆ Denotes the value of the B
component of the object pointed to
by A.

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 Example: Following REF’s
◆ Remember: Sells is a relation with
rowtype MenuType(bar, beer, price),
where bar and beer are REF’s to
objects of types BarType and
BeerType. Then use the
arrow to get the
◆ Find the beers served by Joe: names of the bar
SELECT ss.beer()->nameand beer referenced
FROM Sells ss
WHERE ss.bar()->name
First, use generator methods to
= ’Joe’’s 25
accessBar’;
the bar and beer components
 Following REF’s: Oracle
Style
◆ REF-following is implicit in the dot.
◆ Just follow a REF by a dot and a field of
the object referred to.
◆ Example:
SELECT ss.beer.name
FROM Sells ss
WHERE ss.bar.name = ’Joe’’s Bar’;
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Oracle’s DEREF Operator --
Motivation
◆ If we want the set of beer objects for
the beers sold by Joe, we might try:
SELECT ss.beer
FROM Sells ss
WHERE ss.bar.name = ‘Joe’’s Bar’;
◆ Legal, but ss.beer is a REF, hence
gibberish.
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 Using DEREF
◆ To see the BeerType objects, use:
SELECT DEREF(ss.beer)
FROM Sells ss
WHERE ss.bar.name = ’Joe’’s Bar’;
◆ Produces values like:
BeerType(’Bud’, ’Anheuser-Busch’)

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Methods --- Oracle Syntax
◆ Classes are more than structures;
they may have methods.
◆ We’ll study the Oracle syntax.

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 Method Definitions
(Oracle)
◆ Declare methods in CREATE TYPE.
◆ Define methods in a CREATE TYPE
BODY statement.
◗ Use PL/SQL syntax for methods.
◗ Variable SELF refers to the object to
which the method is applied.

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 Example: Method
Declaration
◆ Let’s add method priceInYen to
MenuType.
CREATE TYPE MenuType AS OBJECT (
bar REF BarType, What Oracle calls
methods.
beer REF BeerType,
price FLOAT,
MEMBER FUNCTION priceInYen(rate IN FLOAT)
RETURN FLOAT,
PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES(priceInYen,
“Write no database state.”
WNDS) That is, whatever priceInYen does
); it won’t modify the database.
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/
Method Definition – Oracle
Style
◆ Form of create-body statement:
CREATE TYPE BODY <type name>
AS
<method definitions = PL/SQL
procedure definitions, using
“MEMBER FUNCTION” in place
of
“PROCEDURE”>
END; 32
 Example: Method
Definition
No mode (IN)
CREATE TYPE BODY MenuType AS in body, just
in declaration
MEMBER FUNCTION
priceInYen(rate FLOAT) RETURN FLOAT
IS
BEGIN
RETURN rate * SELF.price;
END;
Use parentheses only
END; when there is at
least one argument
/ 33
 Method Use
◆ Follow a name for an object by a dot
and the name of the method, with
arguments if any.
◆ Example:
SELECT ss.beer.name,
ss.priceInYen(114.0)
FROM Sells ss
WHERE ss.bar.name = ’Joe’’s Bar’;
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 Order Methods: SQL-99
◆ Each UDT T may define two
methods called EQUAL and
LESSTHAN.
◗ Each takes an argument of type T and
is applied to another object of type T.
◗ Returns TRUE if and only if the target
object is = (resp. <) the argument
object.
◆ Allows objects of type T to be
compared by =, <, >=, etc. in 35
WHERE clauses and for sorting
 Order Methods: Oracle
◆ We may declare any one method
for a UDT to be an order method.
◆ The order method returns a value
<0, =0, or >0, as the value of
object SELF is <, =, or > the
argument object.

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 Example: Order Method
Declaration
◆ Order BarType objects by name:
CREATE TYPE BarType AS OBJECT (
name CHAR(20),
addr CHAR(20),
ORDER MEMBER FUNCTION before(
bar2 IN BarType) RETURN INT,
PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES(before,
WNDS, RNDS, WNPS, RNPS)
);
/ Read/write no database state/package state. A
“package” is a collection of procedures and variables
that can communicate values among them. 37
 Example: Order Method
Definition
CREATE TYPE BODY BarType AS
ORDER MEMBER FUNCTION
before(bar2 BarType) RETURN INT IS
BEGIN
IF SELF.name < bar2.name THEN RETURN –1;
ELSIF SELF.name = bar2.name THEN RETURN
0;
ELSE RETURN 1;
END IF;
END;
END;
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/
 Oracle Nested Tables
◆ Allows values of tuple components
to be whole relations.
◆ If T is a UDT, we can create a type
S whose values are relations with
rowtype T, by:
CREATE TYPE S AS TABLE OF T ;

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 Example: Nested Table
Type
CREATE TYPE BeerType AS OBJECT (
name CHAR(20),
kind CHAR(10),
color CHAR(10)
);
/
CREATE TYPE BeerTableType AS
TABLE OF BeerType;
/
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 Example --- Continued
◆ Use BeerTableType in a Manfs relation
that stores the set of beers by each
manufacturer in one tuple for that
manufacturer.
CREATE TABLE Manfs (
name CHAR(30),
addr CHAR(50),
beers beerTableType
);
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 Storing Nested Relations
◆ Oracle doesn’t really store each
nested table as a separate relation
--- it just makes it look that way.
◆ Rather, there is one relation R in
which all the tuples of all the
nested tables for one attribute A
are stored.
◆ Declare in CREATE TABLE by:
NESTED TABLE A STORE AS R 42
 Example: Storing Nested
Tables
CREATE TABLE Manfs (
name CHAR(30),
addr CHAR(50),
beers beerTableType
)
NESTED TABLE beers STORE AS
BeerTable;
Note where the semicolon
goes and doesn’t go.
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 Querying a Nested Table
◆ We can print the value of a
nested table like any other value.
◆ But these values have two type
constructors:
1. For the table.
2. For the type of tuples in the table.

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Example: Query a Nested Table
◆ Find the beers by Anheuser-Busch:
SELECT beers FROM Manfs
WHERE name = ’Anheuser-Busch’;
◆ Produces one value like:
BeerTableType(
BeerType(’Bud’, ’lager’, ’yellow’),
BeerType(’Lite’, ’malt’, ’pale’),…
)
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Querying Within a Nested Table
◆ A nested table can be converted to
an ordinary relation by applying
THE(…).
◆ This relation can be used in FROM
clauses like any other relation.

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 Example: Use of THE
◆ Find the ales made by Anheuser-Busch:
SELECT bb.name The one nested
table for the
FROM THE( Anheuser-Busch
SELECT beers beers

FROM Manfs
WHERE name = ’Anheuser-Busch’
) bb
An alias for the nested
WHERE bb.kind = ’ale’; table, which has no name
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Turning Relations Into Nested
Tables
◆ Any relation with the proper
number and types of attributes can
become the value of a nested
table.
◆ Use CAST(MULTISET(…) AS <type>
) on the relation to turn it into the
value with the proper type for a
nested table.
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 Example: CAST --- 1
◆ Suppose we have a relation
Beers(beer, manf), where beer is a
BeerType object and manf a string
--- the manufacturer of the beer.
◆ We want to insert into Manfs a new
tuple, with Pete’s Brewing Co. as
the name and a set of beers that
are whatever Beers has for Pete’s.
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 Example: CAST --- 2
INSERT INTO Manfs VALUES (
’Pete’’s’, ’Palo Alto’, The set of BeerType
CAST( objects for Pete’s
MULTISET(
SELECT bb.beer
FROM Beers bb
WHERE bb.manf = ’Pete’’s’
) AS BeerTableType
)
Turn the set of objects
);
into a nested relation
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