Introduction to Software Testing Chapter 2.

3 Graph Coverage for Source Code

Paul Ammann & Jeff Offutt

http://www.cs.gmu.edu/~offutt/softwaretest/

Overview
The most common application of graph criteria is to

program source Graph : Usually the control flow graph (CFG) Node coverage : Execute every statement Edge coverage : Execute every branch Loops : Looping structures such as for loops, while loops, etc. Data flow coverage : Augment the CFG
defs are statements that assign values to variables uses are statements that use variables

Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

Ammann & Offutt

Control Flow Graphs

A CFG models all executions of a method by describing control

structures Nodes : Statements or sequences of statements (basic blocks)

Basic Block : A sequence of statements such that if the first statement is executed, all statements will be (no branches)

Edges : Transfers of control CFGs are sometimes annotated with extra information branch predicates defs uses Rules for translating statements into graphs

Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

Ammann & Offutt

CFG : The if Statement

if (x < y) { y = 0; x = x + 1; } else { x = y; }

1
x<y y=0 x=x+1 x >= y

2 4

x=y

if (x < y) { y = 0; x = x + 1; }

1
x<y

y=0 x=x+1

x >= y

3
Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2) Ammann & Offutt 4

CFG : The if-return Statement

if (x < y) { return; } print (x); return;

1
x<y return

x >= y

print (x) return

No edge from node 2 to 3. The return nodes must be distinct.

Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

Ammann & Offutt

Loops
Loops require extra nodes to be added Nodes that do not represent statements or basic blocks

Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

Ammann & Offutt

CFG : while and for Loops

x = 0; while (x < y) { y = f (x, y); x = x + 1; }
x=0

1 dummy node

2
x<y x >= y

3
y =f (x,y) x=x+1

implicitly initializes loop

x=0

2
x<y x >= y
y = f (x, y)

for (x = 0; x < y; x++) { y = f (x, y); }

x=x+1

implicitly increments loop

Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2) Ammann & Offutt 7

CFG : do Loop, break and continue

x = 0; do { y = f (x, y); x = x + 1; } while (x < y); println (y) x = 0; while (x < y) { y = f (x, y); if (y == 0) { break; } else if (y < 0) { y = y*2; continue; } x = x + 1; } print (y);
print (y)
Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

x=0

2 3
y = f (x,y) y == 0

4 5
y<0

break

x=0

1
y = f (x, y) x = x+1 x<y

2
x >= y

y = y*2 continue

3 8
Ammann & Offutt

x=x+1

CFG : The Case (switch) Structure

read ( c) ; switch ( c ) { case N: y = 25; break; case Y: y = 50; break; default: y = 0; break; } print (y);
If a break is omitted

1
c == N

read ( c ); default

c == Y y = 25; break;

y = 50; break;

y = 0; break;

5
print (y);

Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

Ammann & Offutt

CFG : The Exception (try-catch) Structure

try 1 s = br.readLine() { IOException s = br.readLine(); if (s.length() > 96) throw new Exception 2 3 len > 96 (too long); len <= 96 e.printStackTrace() } catch IOException e) { 5 throw e.printStackTrace(); 4 } catch Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); 6 e.printStackTrace() } return (s); 7 return (s);

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Example Control Flow Stats

public static void computeStats (int [ ] numbers) { int length = numbers.length; double med, var, sd, mean, sum, varsum;
sum = 0; for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { sum += numbers [ i ]; } med = numbers [ length / 2]; mean = sum / (double) length; varsum = 0; for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { varsum = varsum + ((numbers [ I ] - mean) * (numbers [ I ] - mean)); } var = varsum / ( length - 1.0 ); sd = Math.sqrt ( var );

System.out.println System.out.println System.out.println System.out.println System.out.println

}
Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

("length: " + length); ("mean: " + mean); ("median: " + med); ("variance: " + var); ("standard deviation: " + sd);
Ammann & Offutt Ammann & Offutt 11

Control Flow Graph for Stats

public static void computeStats (int [ ] numbers) { int length = numbers.length; double med, var, sd, mean, sum, varsum;
sum = 0; for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { sum += numbers [ i ]; } med = numbers [ length / 2]; mean = sum / (double) length;

i=0 i >= length

varsum = 0; i < length for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) i++ 4 { varsum = varsum + ((numbers [ I ] - mean) * (numbers [ I ] - mean)); } var = varsum / ( length - 1.0 ); sd = Math.sqrt ( var );

i=0

System.out.println System.out.println System.out.println System.out.println System.out.println

}
Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

("length: " + length); ("mean: " + mean); ("median: " + med); ("variance: " + var); ("standard deviation: " + sd);
Ammann & Offutt Ammann & Offutt

6 i < length i >= length 7 8 i++

12

Control Flow TRs and Test Paths EC

1

Edge Coverage
2

3 4 5

TR Test Path A. [ 1, 2 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 6, 8 ] B. [ 2, 3 ] C. [ 3, 4 ] D. [ 3, 5 ] E. [ 4, 3 ] F. [ 5, 6 ] G. [ 6, 7 ] H. [ 6, 8 ] I. [ 7, 6 ]
8
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Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

Control Flow TRs and Test Paths EPC

1

Edge-Pair Coverage
TR A. [ 1, 2, 3 ] B. [ 2, 3, 4 ] C. [ 2, 3, 5 ] D. [ 3, 4, 3 ] E. [ 3, 5, 6 ] F. [ 4, 3, 5 ] G. [ 5, 6, 7 ] H. [ 5, 6, 8 ] I. [ 6, 7, 6 ] J. [ 7, 6, 8 ] K. [ 4, 3, 4 ] L. [ 7, 6, 7 ] Test Paths i. [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 6, 8 ] ii. [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 ] iii. [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 8 ]
TP i ii iii TRs toured A, B, D, E, F, G, I, J sidetrips C, H C, H

3 4 5

A, C, E, H
A, B, D, E, F, G, I, J, K, L

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Control Flow TRs and Test Paths PPC

Prime Path Coverage
1

3 4 5

TR A. [ 3, 4, 3 ] B. [ 4, 3, 4 ] C. [ 7, 6, 7 ] D. [ 7, 6, 8 ] E. [ 6, 7, 6 ] F. [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] G. [ 4, 3, 5, 6, 7 ] H. [ 4, 3, 5, 6, 8 ] I. [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 ] J. [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 ]

Test Paths i. [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 6, 8 ] ii. [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 8 ] iii. [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5, 6, 8 ] iv. [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 6, 8 ] v. [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 ]

TP
i ii

TRs toured
A, D, E, F, G A, B, C, D, E, F, G, A, F, H

sidetrips H, I, J H, I, J J J

iii
iv

D, E, I
J

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Data Flow Coverage for Source

def : a location where a value is stored into memory x appears on the left side of an assignment (x = 44;) x is an actual parameter in a call and the method changes its value x is a formal parameter of a method (implicit def when method starts) x is an input to a program use : a location where variables value is accessed x appears on the right side of an assignment x appears in a conditional test x is an actual parameter to a method x is an output of the program x is an output of a method in a return statement If a def and a use appear on the same node, then it is only a DU-

pair if the def occurs after the use and the node is in a loop
Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2) Ammann & Offutt 16

Example Data Flow Stats

public static void computeStats (int [ ] numbers) { int length = numbers.length; double med, var, sd, mean, sum, varsum; sum = 0.0; for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { sum += numbers [ i ]; } med = numbers [ length / 2 ]; mean = sum / (double) length; varsum = 0.o; for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) { varsum = varsum + ((numbers [ i ] - mean) * (numbers [ i ] - mean)); } var = varsum / ( length - 1 ); sd = Math.sqrt ( var ); System.out.println System.out.println System.out.println System.out.println System.out.println }
Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2) Ammann & Offutt 17

("length: " + length); ("mean: " + mean); ("median: " + med); ("variance: " + var); ("standard deviation: " + sd);

Control Flow Graph for Stats

1
( numbers ) sum = 0 length = numbers.length

i=0

3
i < length

i >= length med = numbers [ length / 2 ] mean = sum / (double) length varsum = 0 i=0 i >= length var = varsum / ( length - 1.0 ) sd = Math.sqrt ( var ) print (length, mean, med, var, sd)
Ammann & Offutt 18

4
sum += numbers [ i ] i++

6
i < length varsum = i++
Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

CFG for Stats With Defs & Uses

1
def (1) = { numbers, sum, length }

def (2) = { i }

3
use (3, 4) = { i, length }

use (3, 5) = { i, length }

4
def (4) = { sum, i } use (4) = { sum, numbers, i }

def (5) = { med, mean, varsum, i } use (5) = { numbers, length, sum }

6
use (6, 7) = { i, length }

use (6, 8) = { i, length } def (8) = { var, sd } use (8) = { varsum, length, mean, med, var, sd }
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7 def (7) = { varsum, i } use (7) = { varsum, numbers, i, mean }

Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

Defs and Uses Tables for Stats

Node
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 { varsum, i } { varsum, numbers, i, mean } { varsum, length, var, mean, med, var, sd }

Def
{ numbers, sum, length } {i}

Use
{ numbers }

Edge
(1, 2) (2, 3)
(3, 4) (4, 3) (3, 5) (5, 6) (6, 7) (7, 6) (6, 8)

Use

{ i, length } { i, length } { i, length } { i, length }

{ sum, i } { med, mean, varsum, i }

{ numbers, i, sum } { numbers, length, sum }

{ var, sd }

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DU Pairs for Stats

variable numbers (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 7) length (1, 5) (1, 8) (1, (3,4)) (1, (3,5)) (1, (6,7)) (1, (6,8)) med var sd mean sum varsum i DU Pairs defs come before uses, do not count as DU pairs

(5, 8) (8, 8) defs after use in loop, these are valid DU pairs (8, 8) (5, 7) (5, 8) No def-clear path (1, 4) (1, 5) (4, 4) (4, 5) different scope for i (5, 7) (5, 8) (7, 7) (7, 8) (2, 4) (2, (3,4)) (2, (3,5)) (2, 7) (2, (6,7)) (2, (6,8)) (4, 4) (4, (3,4)) (4, (3,5)) (4, 7) (4, (6,7)) (4, (6,8)) (5, 7) (5, (6,7)) (5, (6,8)) No path through graph from (7, 7) (7, (6,7)) (7, (6,8)) nodes 5 and 7 to 4 or 3
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Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

DU Paths for Stats

variable numbers DU Pairs (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 7) (1, 5) (1, 8) (1, (3,4)) (1, (3,5)) (1, (6,7)) (1, (6,8)) (5, 8) (8, 8) (8, 8) (1, 4) (1, 5) (4, 4) (4, 5) DU Paths [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 5 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 5 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 5 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 ] [ 5, 6, 8 ] No path needed No path needed [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 5 ] [ 4, 3, 4 ] [ 4, 3, 5 ]
Ammann & Offutt

variable mean varsum

DU Pairs (5, 7) (5, 8) (5, 7) (5, 8) (7, 7) (7, 8) (2, 4) (2, (3,4)) (2, (3,5)) (4, 4) (4, (3,4)) (4, (3,5)) (5, 7) (5, (6,7)) (5, (6,8)) (7, 7) (7, (6,7)) (7, (6,8))

DU Paths [ 5, 6, 7 ] [ 5, 6, 8 ] [ 5, 6, 7 ] [ 5, 6, 8 ] [ 7, 6, 7 ] [ 7, 6, 8 ] [ 2, 3, 4 ] [ 2, 3, 4 ] [ 2, 3, 5 ] [ 4, 3, 4 ] [ 4, 3, 4 ] [ 4, 3, 5 ] [ 5, 6, 7 ] [ 5, 6, 7 ] [ 5, 6, 8 ] [ 7, 6, 7 ] [ 7, 6, 7 ] [ 7, 6, 8 ]
22

length

med var sd sum

Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

DU Paths for Stats No Duplicates

There are 38 DU paths for Stats, but only 12 unique
[ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 5 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 ] [ 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 ] [ 2, 3, 4 ] [ 2, 3, 5 ] [ 4, 3, 4 ] [ 4, 3, 5 ] [ 5, 6, 7 ] [ 5, 6, 8 ] [ 7, 6, 7 ] [ 7, 6, 8 ]

4 expect a loop not to be entered

6 require at least one iteration of a loop

2 require at least two iterations of a loop

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Test Cases and Test Paths

Test Case : numbers = (44) ; length = 1 Test Path : [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 6, 8 ] Additional DU Paths covered (no sidetrips)
[ 1, 2, 3, 4 ] [ 2, 3, 4 ] [ 4, 3, 5 ] [ 5, 6, 7 ] [ 7, 6, 8 ] The five stars that require at least one iteration of a loop

Test Case : numbers = (2, 10, 15) ; length = 3 Test Path : [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 7, 6, 8 ] DU Paths covered (no sidetrips)
[ 4, 3, 4 ] [ 7, 6, 7 ] The two stars that require at least two iterations of a loop

Other DU paths require arrays with length 0 to skip loops But the method fails with index out of bounds exception
med = numbers [length / 2]; A fault was found
Ammann & Offutt 24

Introduction to Software Testing (Ch 2)

Summary
Applying the graph test criteria to control flow graphs is

relatively straightforward
Most of the developmental research work was done with CFGs

A few subtle decisions must be made to translate control

structures into the graph

Some tools will assign each statement to a unique node These slides and the book uses basic blocks Coverage is the same, although the bookkeeping will differ

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