Chapter 4

Matter and Substances (Jirim Dan Bahan)

Prepared by: En. Shafie Bin Buyamin

4.1: Changes in Matter (Perubahan Jirim)

The Kinetic Theory of Matter (Teori Kinetik Jirim) - Matter consists of fine and discrete particles - Particles always move, vibrate or rotate randomly - The temperature of matter increases as the particle kinetic energy increases

States of Matter
1. Solid (Pepejal) - Particles closely packed together in regular pattern - Held in fixed position by strong attractive force - Vibrates, spin around - Cannot move freely - Solid has definite shave, not easy to change - Example: stones, sand, wood

2. Liquid (Cecair) - Particles not arranged in regular pattern - Not fixed - Move freely - Held together in strong attractive forces - Flow freely - Occupies a definite volume

3. Gas - Particles are widely spaced - Move freely in all direction at high speed - Move randomly - Fill up container completely and quickly - Flow easily

Interconversion of State of Matter

1. Melting: solid turns into liquid When ice cube (solid) is heated, the particles given more energy Vibrates faster Structure breaks down Ice cube melts into water (liquid) Temperature which solid change to a liquid (melting point) Water: 0 C

2. Boiling: liquid turns into steam (gas)

When water (liquid) is heated, the particles given more energy Move faster and further apart Particles break free of one another Water turns into steam (gas) Temperature which liquid changes to a gas (boiling point) Water: 100 C

3. Evaporation: liquid turns into vapour (gas)

At lower temperature than the boiling point Occur at the surface of a liquid Slowly Faster on a hot, dry, windy day

4. Sublimation: Solid change to vapour/ gas when heated or vice versa when cooled without become liquid

5. Condensation: When a gas turns into liquid

Steam (gas) cools down Particles lose their kinetic energy Steam turns into water

6. Freezing: When a liquid turns into a solid

When water cools down Water particles lose kinetic energy Particles closely packed Turns into ice

Melting Point & Boiling Point

Substances Water Nitrogen Alcohol (ethanol) Table salt Melting point (C) 0 -210 -117 801 Boiling point (C) 100 -196 78 1467

4.2: Atom Structure

Atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by subparticles called electron Nucleus: core of an atom consists of subparticles neutrons and protons Electron: negative charges Proton: Positive charges Neutron: neutral Atom is electrically neutral ( protons = electrons)

Size & mass proton = neutron Mass of electron = 1 / 1840 proton

Nucleus

+ +

Electron

Proton

N N
Neutron

The Features of Subatomic Particles

Particle Symbol Position Electrical charge Relative mass

Proton

Inside nucleus
Inside nucleus Outside nucleus

positive

Neutron

neutral

Electron

negative

1 / 1840

4.3: Proton Number, Nucleon Number in Atom Each atom of same element has certain number of protons, neutrons and electrons Proton number : The number of protons in an atom Nucleon number : Total number of protons and neutrons in an atom Mass of atom depend on number of protons ad neutrons
The number of neutrons : = the Nucleon number the Proton number

+ N

Helium Nucleon number = 4 Proton number = 2 Number of neutrons : 4 - 2 = 2 Number of electrons = 2

* Proton number = Atomic number * Nucleon number = Mass number

Isotopes
Not all atoms of the same element have the same number of neutrons Same Proton number but different Nucleon number Isotopes have same chemical properties because have same number of protons Physical differences because different Nucleon number Example: - Carbon with 6, 7 or 8 neutrons

Chlorine Isotopes

17
17

+ N

17
17

+ N

18

20

Chlorine - 35

Chlorine - 37

4.4: The Periodic Table (Jadual berkala)

Large grid of every element that exist Symbol of the element, Proton number and Nucleon number Arranged in order of Proton number Increase from left to right

Period
A row of elements Numbered 1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 Properties of element across period change gradually First and last element in same period very different First element: very reactive gas Last element: non-reactive gas Same number of electron shells Example: all elements in period 2 have 2 electron shells

Group
Columns in the Periodic Table Numbered I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII or 1,2,3 16, 17 and 18 Element in same group have similar, but not identical characteristics Have same number of electrons in the outermost shell

Groups and their special names

Group I II Name Alkali metal Earth alkali metal

VII
VIII

Halogen
Noble gas (gas nadir)

Metals, Non-Metals and Semimetals

Group VIII Noble Gas Least reactive element

4.5: Properties of Substances

Atoms Neutral Particles Electrically neutral element Metal made of atom particles Example: pure copper, gold, silver, noble gases

Gold

 Ions - Electrically charged particles - When chemical reaction take place, atom gain or lose electrons to become charged particles - Bounded electrically - ionic bond - Produce ionic compound
Sodium atom 11 protons 11 electrons Chlorine atom 17 protons 17 electrons

Na Loses 1 e Gains 1 e

Cl

Sodium ion 11 protons 10 electrons

Na+ ClAttracted Na+ ClSodium chloride (ionic compound)

Chlorine ion 17 protons 18 electrons

Molecules 2 or more atoms are combined together chemically Made up of metal & non-metal Bound in covalent bond Made up of same atoms molecule of element Different atoms molecule of compound Example: oxygen gas, hydrogen gas (molecule of element)
Carbon dioxide and water ( molecule of compound)
O O O C O H H

H
O

4.6: Properties of Metals and Non-Metals

Metals Shiny Ductile Malleable Physical properties Surface appearance Ductility Malleability Non-metals Dull Non-ductile Brittle

High

Melting / boiling point

Low

Good

Electrical conductivity

Poor

The Uses of Metals and Non-Metals

Metals Iron Uses - Engine and machine (strong)

Non-metals Diamond

Uses - Cut glass (hard)

4.7: Purification of Substances

Characteristic of pure Substances

1. Fixed boiling point / melting point 2. Example: pure water boils at 100C and pure ice melts at 0C 3. If not pure (contain impurities): boils higher than 100C , melts lower than 0C

Method of Purification
Purification: Process removing impurities from a substances

1. Filtration : Process of separating solid from liquid - Example: separate the sand and water

2. -

Crystallisation / Penghabluran: Process of forming crystal from a liquid or gas Example: Salt water( salt solution) Salt remove from water by heating the salt water Water evaporates, leaving saturated solution Saturated solution is cooled, to get salt crystals

3. -

1. 2.

Distillation : Process of obtain a pure liquid from a solution of liquid mixture Liquid mixture heated until boils and turns into vapour When vapour cools down, condense into liquid Pure liquid called distillate Miscible liquids completely soluble each other, separated by fractional distillation (fractional column) Example: Obtain pure water from solution Obtain pure alcohol

Distillation (penyulingan)

Fractional Distillation

4.8: Uses of Various Substances

Metal: strong and malleable Ceramics: strong and poor thermal conductor Plastic: Easily clean, waterproof