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Introduction To TCP - IP

The document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking concepts including: 1) It describes the OSI and TCP/IP protocol stacks and how data is encapsulated as it passes through each layer with headers added. 2) It explains common network protocols like Ethernet, ARP, IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP, and HTTP - covering what each protocol is used for and examples of packet formats. 3) It provides a state diagram of how TCP connections are established and closed, and how reliable data transfer is achieved through mechanisms like acknowledgments and retransmissions.

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Shriramkumar Singh
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
153 views

Introduction To TCP - IP

The document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking concepts including: 1) It describes the OSI and TCP/IP protocol stacks and how data is encapsulated as it passes through each layer with headers added. 2) It explains common network protocols like Ethernet, ARP, IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP, and HTTP - covering what each protocol is used for and examples of packet formats. 3) It provides a state diagram of how TCP connections are established and closed, and how reliable data transfer is achieved through mechanisms like acknowledgments and retransmissions.

Uploaded by

Shriramkumar Singh
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to TCP/IP

OSI and Protocol Stack


OSI Model
7th Application Layer 6th Presentation Layer Application Layer

OSI: Open Systems Interconnect

TCP/IP Hierarchy

Protocols

5th Session Layer 4th Transport Layer


3rd Network Layer 2nd Link Layer 1st Physical Layer Link Layer Transport Layer Network Layer

Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface card Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts Application Layer : handles the details of the particular application

Packet Encapsulation
The data is sent down the protocol stack Each layer adds to the data by prepending headers

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes

4Bytes

64 to 1500 Bytes

Ethernet
Computer <-> Computer communication on same network Each device has unique MAC address (48-bit) example: 00-C0-4F-48-47-93 Ethernet Packet:
Preamble
Dest. address
6bytes

Source address
6bytes

Type

Data

CRC

8bytes

2bytes

64 - 1500bytes

4bytes

MAC: Media Access Control

ARP : Address Resolution Protocol


ARP provides mapping
32bit IP address <-> 48bit MAC address 128.97.89.153 <-> 00-C0-4F-48-47-93

ARP cache
maintains the recent mappings from IP addresses to MAC addresses

Protocol 1. ARP request broadcast on Ethernet 2. Destination host ARP layer responds

IP: Internet Protocol


Unreliable connectionless datagram delivery service Responsible for routing of data through intermediate networks and computers

IP header: 1 :ICMP 6 :TCP 17 :UDP

0123

4567

11 8901

1111 2345

1111 6789

2222 0123

2222 4567

2233 8901

IP Routing
Source
Application

Destination
Application

Transport
Network Link

Router
Network Link

Transport Network Link

Routing Table Destination IP address IP address of a next-hop router Flags Network interface specification

ICMP : Internet Control Message Protocol


Used to report problems with delivery of IP Datagrams within an IP network Used by Ping, Tracerout commands ICMP Message
20bytes IP Header 4bytes ICMP Header ICMP Data

Types and Codes Type Code Checksum Echo Request (type=8, code=0) 1byte 1byte 2bytes Echo Reply(type=0, code=0) Destination Unreachable(type=3, code=0) Time Exceeded(type=11, code=0) : Time-to-Live =0

TCP : Transmission Control Protocol


Connection-Oriented, Reliable, Byte Stream Service
Protocol 1. Set up connection 2. Transfer data 3. Close connection

TCP Header Format


0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 Source Port Sequence Number Acknowledgement Number Data Offset
-

Destination Port

Window Urgent Pointer Options (0 to 10 Words of 32 Bits) TCP Payload

Checksum

TCP : State Diagram

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TCP : Connection

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Client Send SYN seq=x

Host

Client Send FIN seq=x

Host

Receive SYN +ACK segment Send ACK y+1

Receive SYN segment Send SYN seq=y, ACK x+1

Receive ACK segment Receive FIN + ACK segment Send ACK y+1

Receive FIN segment Send ACK x+1 Send FIN seq=y, ACK x+1 Receive ACK segment

Receive ACK segment

Establishing a TCP Connection

Closing a TCP Connection

TCP : Data transfer


Client Send Packet 1 Start Timer ACK would normally Arrive at this time Time Expires Packet Lost Host

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Timer

Packet should arrive ACK should be sent

Timer

Retransmit Packet1 Start Timer Receive ACK 1 Cancel Timer

Receive Packet 1 Send AXK 1

HTTP : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol


Stateless Transaction Protocol Each transaction creates a new connection Steps in Transaction 1. Establish connection 2. Request Method <URL> <CR> 3. Response Response Code <Data> <CR> 4. Close connection

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HTTP
Common Request Methods GET, PUT, POST Response Categories Informational :100 Successful :200 Redirection :300 Client Error :400 (eg. 404 Not found) Server Error :500

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Example: Access www.ee.ucla.edu


Client Appl HTTP Transp TCP
Http request GET http://www.ee.ucla.edu<CR> Http response 200 <CR> <html file in MIME format> Initiate connection (hdshk) Package data (add TCP header) send http request packet Assemble response (break into several packets) Send http response packets Close connection (hdshk) send data to next hop ARP to provide IP/MAC translation Relay data

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Server Appl HTTP Transp TCP

Net IP Link ethernet

Net IP Link ethernet Router(s)

Net IP Link ethernet

References
TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1 The Protocols by W. Richard Stevens (http://yenigul.net/tcpip) Internet Working with TCP/IP Volume 1 by Douglas E. Comer Sams Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 Hours by Joe Casad. Published by Sams. (http://www.informit.com)

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