TELECOM NETWORKS

By Farzana Hassan Assistant Professor Telecom Engg

TEXT BOOK
Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering 2nd Ed. By Tarmo Anttalainen. Quizzes (Min 3) Assignments (Min 3) MID TERM Final

INTRODUCTION

What

is Telecommunication? Technology concerned with communicating from a distance Evolved from a mechanical to electrical form using increasingly more sophisticated electrical systems.

SIGNIFICANCE OF TELECOMMUNICATON

TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
There are four essentials for effective information transfer between two points, all of which are provided in well -designed telecommunications systems: a transmitting device a transport mechanism a receiving device the fourth requirement is that the conveyed information is coded in such a way as to be compatible with, and comprehensible to, the receiver.

WAY OF COMMUNICATION
-Simplex operation

-Duplex operation

TELEDENSIT Y
Telephone density or teledensity is the number of telephone connections for every hundred individuals living within an area. It varies widely across the nations and also between urban and rural areas within a country. Pakistan 2002-2003 4% 2008-2009 62% 2012 73% India 2012 78% Taiwan 106% ???

 The economic development of developing countries depends on the availability of ef ficient telecommunications services . Organization has dependency on Telecommunication networks are they provide services. Banking, automatic teller machines, telebanking Aviation, booking of tickets Sales, wholesale and order handling Credit card payments at gasoline stations Booking of hotel rooms by travel agencies Material purchasing by industry Government operations, such as taxation

TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
A telecommunications network is a collection of nodes and links that is capable of carrying audio, visual, and data communications . Once used to refer only to the collection of switches and wiring used by telephone service providers to provide audio connectivity to residential and business customers Now understood to include Internet, microwave, and wireless equipment as well as the more traditional forms of telephony.

Basic Telecommunications Network Three Technologies Transmission Switching Signaling

TRANSMISSION
Process of transporting information between end points of a system or a network Four basic media Copper cables, such as those used in LANs and telephone subscriber lines Optical fiber cables, such as high -data-rate transmission in telecommunications networks Radio waves, such as cellular telephones and satellite transmission; Free-space optics, such as infrared remote controllers.

SWITCHING
Switching refers to a change in the configuration of who is "out", "up front", or "in control" in a multiple system. n(n-1)/2 lines for n people without switching Initially manual switching Strowger developed the first automatic switch (exchange) in 1887. Switching was controlled by the help of pulses generated by a dial. Now software-controlled digital exchanges

SWITCHING

SIGNALING
Mechanism that allows network entities to establish, maintain, and terminate sessions in a network. Carried out with the help of specific signals or messages Off-hook condition : The exchange notices that the subscriber has raised the telephone hook (dc loop is connected) and gives a dial tone to the subscriber.

Dial : The subscriber dials digits and they are received by the exchange. On-hook condition : The exchange notices that the subscriber has finished the call (subscriber loop is disconnected), clears the connection, and stops billing.. Signaling is naturally needed between exchanges as well as most of the calls have to be connected via more than just one exchange

CONVENTIONAL TELEPHONE
Local loop local loop is the wired connection from a telephone company's central office in a locality to its customers' telephones at homes and businesses Twisted pair carries electrical power and speech signal. Independent of the local electric power network. Local exchanges have a large-capacity battery that keeps the exchange and subscriber sets operational for a few hours if the supply of electricity is cut off.

MICROPHONE
Converts acoustic energy into electrical energy. Carbon microphones Diaphragms with small containers of carbon grains Operate as variable resistors supplied with battery voltage from an exchange site

EARPHONE
Converts back the alternating current into voice. It has a diaphragm with a piece of magnet inside a coil. Current is supplied to coil. Generates a variable magnetic field that moves the diaphragm that produces sound waves close to the original sound.

SIGNALING FUNCTIONS
on/off-hook condition and dialing. For Provision of Services different methods are used additional information is transferred over the subscriber loop and from the exchange to other exchanges on the connection This transfer of additional information is called signaling .

OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF A CONVENTIONAL TELEPHONE.

SIGNALING TO THE EXCHANGE FROM THE TELEPHONE

When hook is raised, the switch is closed and an approximately 50 mA of current starts flowing. Detected by a relay giving information to the control unit in the exchange. Control Unit activates signaling circuits, which then receive dialed digits from subscriber.

CONTN .
The control unit in the telephone exchange controls the switching matrix When the call is being routed, exchange supplies to the subscriber loop a ringing voltage of 70V ac with a 25-Hz frequency. Ringing voltage is switched off immediately when an offhook condition is detected. When subscriber answers, the exchange switches off both the ringing signal and the ringing tone and connects the circuit. At the end of the conversation, an on-hook condition is detected by the exchange and the speech circuit is released.

SUBSCRIBER SIGNALING

ROTARY/PULSE DIALING
In rotary dialing a local loop is closed and opened according to the dialed digits and the number of current pulses is detected by the local exchange. This signal method is known as Loop Disconnect signaling. Main Disadvantages: Slow Expensive Cannot support new services

ROTARY/PULSE DIALING

TONE DIALING
For each dialed number, a combination of two frequencies is transmitted to local exchange. Example: To transmit number seven, frequencies 852 and 1209 Hz are generated. Advantages: Much quicker More reliable than pulse dialing One integrated circuit and low cost switches replace rotary mechanics

 Pushbuttons * and # are available for supplementary services All tones are inside voice frequency band(300-3.4khz). Value Added Services can be used. e.g telebanking Disadvantages Poor man-machine interfacing of fixed subscriber telephones.(need to memories service code)

TONE DIALING

2W/4W CIRCUITS

LOCAL LOOP CONNECTION AND 2W/4W HYBRID

TELEPHONE NUMBERING