1.
Number Systems
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Common Number Systems
Used by humans? Yes No No No Used in computers? No Yes No No
System
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
Base Symbols
10 2 8 16 0, 1, 9 0, 1 0, 1, 7 0, 1, 9, A, B, F
ITEC 1011
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Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
ITEC 1011
HexaBinary Octal decimal 0 0 0 1 1 1 10 2 2 11 100 101 110 111 3 4 5 6 7 3 4 5 6 7
p. 33
Introduction to Information Technologies
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Decimal 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
ITEC 1011
HexaBinary Octal decimal 1000 10 8 1001 11 9 1010 12 A 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 13 14 15 16 17 B C D E F
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Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Decimal 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
ITEC 1011
HexaBinary Octal decimal 10000 20 10 10001 21 11 10010 22 12 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 23 24 25 26 27 13 14 15 16 17 Etc.
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Conversion Among Bases
The possibilities:
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
pp. 40-46
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Quick Example
2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916
Base
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Decimal (just for fun)
Decimal
Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
Next slide
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Weight 12510 => 5 x 100 2 x 101 1 x 102 = 5 = 20 = 100 125
Base
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
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Binary to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the weight of the bit The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right Add the results
ITEC 1011
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Example
Bit 0 1010112 => 1 1 0 1 0 1 x x x x x x 20 21 22 23 24 25 = = = = = = 1 2 0 8 0 32 4310
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the weight of the bit The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right Add the results
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
7248 =>
4 x 80 = 2 x 81 = 7 x 82 =
4 16 448 46810
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
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Hexadecimal to Decimal
Technique
Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the weight of the bit The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right Add the results
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
ABC16 =>
C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12 B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176 A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560 274810
ITEC 1011
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Decimal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
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Decimal to Binary
Technique
Divide by two, keep track of the remainder First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit) Second remainder is bit 1 Etc.
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
12510 = ?2 2 125 2 62 2 31 2 15 7 2 3 2 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
12510 = 11111012
ITEC 1011
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Octal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
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Octal to Binary
Technique
Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary representation
ITEC 1011
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Example
7058 = ?2
111 000 101
7058 = 1110001012
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
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Hexadecimal to Binary
Technique
Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary representation
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
10AF16 = ?2
0001 0000 1010 1111
10AF16 = 00010000101011112
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Octal
Technique
Divide by 8 Keep track of the remainder
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
123410 = ?8
8 8 8 8
1234 154 19 2 0
2 2 3 2
123410 = 23228
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Divide by 16 Keep track of the remainder
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
123410 = ?16
16 16 16
1234 77 4 0
2 13 = D 4
123410 = 4D216
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary to Octal
Technique
Group bits in threes, starting on right Convert to octal digits
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
10110101112 = ?8
1 011 010 111
10110101112 = 13278
ITEC 1011
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Binary to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
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Binary to Hexadecimal
Technique
Group bits in fours, starting on right Convert to hexadecimal digits
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
10101110112 = ?16
10 1011 1011
10101110112 = 2BB16
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Octal to Hexadecimal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
10768 = ?16 1 0 7 6
001
2
000
3
111
110
E
10768 = 23E16
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary
Hexadecimal
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Hexadecimal to Octal
Technique
Use binary as an intermediary
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
1F0C16 = ?8 1 F 0 C
0001
1
1111
7 4
0000
1
1100
4
1F0C16 = 174148
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise Convert ...
Decimal 33 Binary 1110101 Octal
Hexadecimal
703
1AF
Dont use a calculator!
Skip answer
ITEC 1011
Answer
Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise Convert
Answer
Decimal 33 117
Binary 100001 1110101
Octal 41 165
Hexadecimal
21 75
451
431
111000011
110101111
703
657
1C3
1AF
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Common Powers (1 of 2)
Base 10
Power
10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 103
Preface pico nano micro milli kilo
Symbol p n m k
Value .000000000001 .000000001 .000001 .001 1000
106
109 1012
mega
giga tera
M
G T
1000000
1000000000 1000000000000
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Common Powers (2 of 2)
Base 2
Power
210 220 230
Preface kilo mega Giga
Symbol k M G
Value 1024 1048576 1073741824
What is the value of k, M, and G? In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory, the base-2 interpretation generally applies
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Example
In the lab 1. Double click on My Computer 2. Right click on C: 3. Click on Properties
/ 230 =
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise Free Space
Determine the free space on all drives on a machine in the lab
Free space
Drive A: C: D: E: etc.
Bytes
GB
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Review multiplying powers
For common bases, add powers
ab ac = ab+c
26 210 = 216 = 65,536
or
26 210 = 64 210 = 64k
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary Addition (1 of 2)
Two 1-bit values
A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 A+B 0 1 1 10
two
pp. 36-38
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Binary Addition (2 of 2)
Two n-bit values
Add individual bits Propagate carries E.g., 10101 + 11001 101110
1 1
21 + 25 46
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Multiplication (1 of 3)
Decimal (just for fun)
35 x 105 175 000 35 3675
pp. 39 ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Multiplication (2 of 3)
Binary, two 1-bit values
A 0 0 1 1 B 0 1 0 1 AB 0 0 0 1
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Multiplication (3 of 3)
Binary, two n-bit values
As with decimal values E.g., 1110 x 1011 1110 1110 0000 1110 10011010
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
Decimal to decimal (just for fun)
3.14 =>
4 x 10-2 = 0.04 1 x 10-1 = 0.1 3 x 100 = 3 3.14
pp. 46-50 ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 1 0 1 0 1 x x x x x x 2-4 2-3 2-2 2-1 20 21 = = = = = = 0.0625 0.125 0.0 0.5 0.0 2.0 2.6875
pp. 46-50 ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Fractions
Decimal to binary
3.14579
.14579 x 2 0.29158 x 2 0.58316 x 2 1.16632 x 2 0.33264 x 2 0.66528 x 2 1.33056 etc. p. 50 ITEC 1011
11.001001...
Introduction to Information Technologies
Exercise Convert ...
Hexadecimal
Decimal 29.8
Binary
101.1101
Octal
3.07 C.82
Dont use a calculator!
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
Thank you
ITEC 1011
Introduction to Information Technologies
