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Multiplexers, Digital Hierarchy and Concentration: SYSC 4700 Telecommunications Engineering

1) Multiplexing combines multiple communication signals into one signal over a shared medium. Multiple access allows multiple originating signals to be separated at a common destination. 2) Common multiplexing techniques include frequency division, time division, and code division. These are used in both multiplexing and multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. 3) Digital communication systems employ hierarchical multiplexing with higher rates formed by multiplexing lower rates, like DS1, DS3, SONET and SDH. Statistical multiplexing improves bandwidth usage for bursty traffic.

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Imane Sahar
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95 views20 pages

Multiplexers, Digital Hierarchy and Concentration: SYSC 4700 Telecommunications Engineering

1) Multiplexing combines multiple communication signals into one signal over a shared medium. Multiple access allows multiple originating signals to be separated at a common destination. 2) Common multiplexing techniques include frequency division, time division, and code division. These are used in both multiplexing and multiple access schemes like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. 3) Digital communication systems employ hierarchical multiplexing with higher rates formed by multiplexing lower rates, like DS1, DS3, SONET and SDH. Statistical multiplexing improves bandwidth usage for bursty traffic.

Uploaded by

Imane Sahar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MULTIPLEXERS, DIGITAL HIERARCHY AND CONCENTRATION

SYSC 4700 Telecommunications Engineering


David Falconer, Halim Yanikomeroglu, and Akram Bin Sediq Carleton University
03 February 2012

Multiplexing
Demultiplexer (DEMUX) Multiple streams combined into one signal on a single transmission medium

Multiplexer (MUX)

Multiple signal streams originating at a common location

Separate signal streams restored

Examples: a central office, with many voice channels multiplexed onto an optical fiber or copper pair. signals from a cellular base station to cellular subscribers sharing a common radio channel.

Multiple Access
Demultiplexer (DEMUX)

Multiple information streams all originate at separate locations, but are destined for a common location. Examples: Uplink signals from cellular radios to a base station Signals from cable subscribers to a head end.

Separate signal streams restored

Types of Multiplexing and Multiple Access for Constant-Rate Communications


Multiplexing: Frequency division (FDM) Time division (TDM) Code division (CDM) Multiple Access: FDMA TDMA CDMA

FDM (Frequency Division Multiplex) and FDMA


b
user 1 user 2 Total bandwidth=Nb user N

Frequency

Bandwidth per channel =b. Requires accurate frequency control and careful filtering, especially on uplink. A narrow guard band usually separates channel spectra.

TDM (Time Division Multiplex) and TDMA


TDM frame Nr bits/s. Chan -nel 1 Chan -nel 2 Chan -nel N Time

Bit rate per channel =r. Total aggregate bit rate of N channels = Nr. Bandwidth used by system (and by each channel) ~ Nr. Accurate synchronization is required.

Hybrid FDM/TDM and FDMA/TDMA


N

Time

1 1 Frequency M

N time slots in each of M frequency channels

NM channels

CDM (Code Division Multiplex) and CDMA Low pass


filter Unique User Spreading code #1 Channel Spreading code #1

Low pass filter

Unique User Spreading code #2

Spreading code #2

Uplink/Downlink Duplexing: FDD and TDD


FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing):
Uplink and downlink use separate frequency bands simultaneously.

Downlink band user 1 downlink

Uplink band user 1 uplink

Frequency

Uplink/Downlink Duplexing: FDD and TDD


TDD (Time Division Duplexing):
Uplink and downlink share same frequency band, but are transmitted at different times (are allocated different parts of the frame).

Downlink portion of frame user 1 downlink slot user 2 downlink slot

Uplink portion of frame user 1 uplink slot user 2 uplink slot Time

Multiplex/Switch Node in a Central Switching Office


TX RX

MUX

DEMUX

To/from other trunks

SWITCH

To/from subscribers

Digital Multiplexing
Most digital transmission and switching facilities are now digital. Fibre optic transmission systems have high (digital) capacity. New services (video, data, etc.), made possible by high capacity digital technology, will have a wide range of bit rates; eg. 64 Kb/s up to 10s or 100s of Mb/s. Multiplex hierarchies: multiplexed signals are themselves multiplexed.

DS1 Frame Format (-law countries)


S bit

193 bits in 125 s (1.544 Mb/s)


24 PCM code words, each representing 1 sample 1 2 3 4 24

8 bits per code word 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

North American

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)


before SONET/SDH (Synchronous Optical Networking / Synchronous Optical Hierarchy)

DS1 24 DS0s 4 DS1s

DS3 DS2

DS0 = 64 Kb/s [1 channel] DS1 = 1.544 Mb/s T1 [24 ch] (European system E1 @ 2.048 Mb/s) DS2 = 6.312 Mb/s [96 ch] DS3 = 44.736 Mb/s [672 ch] DS4 = 274.176 Mb/s [4032 ch] DS5 = 400.352 Mb/s [5760 ch]

SONET/SDH Synchronous Optical Networking / Synchronous Optical Hierarchy


OC: optical carrier OC-1= 51.840 Mb/s OC-3 = 155.520 Mb/s OC-12= 622.080 Mb/s OC-24= 1.244160 Gb/s OC-48 = 2.488320 Gb/s OC-192 = 9.953280 Gb/s OC-768 = 39.813120 Gb/s OC-3072 =159.252480 GB/s Multiple SONET signals can be transported over multiple wavelengths over a single fiber by means of wave-division multiplexing (WDM). Gigabit Ethernet (GbE): an alternative protocol

Four DS1s to One DS2 (M12 Multiplex)


4 X 1.544 Mb/s A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 6.312 Mb/s B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8

...

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 4 DS1s DS2

Pulse Stuffing in Older Digital Multiplexers


To accommodate slightly different clock frequencies on different facilities, pulse stuffing has been used: e.g. DS2 rate=6.312 Mb/s=4X1.544 Mb/s+136 Kb/s; Multiplexer adds as many extra stuff bits as are necessary to bring total bit rate to 6.312 Mb/s.

Concentration
Switch (N inputs, M outputs) Switch (M inputs, N outputs)

N channels, of which only M < N are active

Multiplex only the M active channels

Demultiplex

M inputs to MUX

Statistical Multiplexing - For Bursty, Non-uniform Rate Digital Signals


Source #1: Source #2: Source #3: Source #4:

Statistical multiplexer output: Time

Summary
Principles and definitions of multiplexing and multiple access FDM, FDMA, TDM, TDMA, FDMA/TDMA, CDM, CDMA Duplexing: FDD and TDD Digital multiplexing and the digital multiplex hierarchy: pulse-stuffing systems synchronous digital hierarchy (SONET) Concentration Statistical multiplexing

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