What is Transmission

Transmission is the act of transporting information from one location to another via a signal. Signal Types:

5V

5V

0V

0V

Analog

Digital

Modulation & Digitization

Transmission of digital data over an analog line is achieved using by the technique called modulation. Three basic types of modulation are possible: Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

Digitization is essentially the opposite of modulation. Whereas in modulation a digital signal is modulated over an analog signal for transmission, in digitization an analog signal is converted into digital format through a process of sampling.

A popular digitization technique is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Sampling an analog signal

Transmission Media

Transmission Media Wired Media (Guided Media) Twisted Pair Coaxial cable Optical fiber Wireless Media (Unguided Media) Radio wave Terrestrial Microwave Satellite Communication

Multiplexing

Multiplexing is a technique which makes it possible to cram a number of logical Channels into the same physical channel or line. There are two basic multiplexing methods:

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

Communication Model

Application
Presentation Session Transport Network

FTP
ASCII/Binary TCP IP Ethernet

Application

Transport Network Link

Link
Physical

The 7-layer OSI Model

The 4-layer Internet model

Packet Encapsulation

The data is sent down the protocol stack Each layer adds to the data by prepending headers

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes 64 to 1500 Bytes

4Bytes

What is a Transmission Network?

Telecom. Office Switching NE Transmission NE

Telecom. Office Switching NE Transmission NE

Trunk (PDH, SDH over Optical Cable)

Loop (Twist Pair Digital Loop Carrier xDSL Wireless Local Loop)

Components of Transmission Network

Customer Premise Equipment Metro Metro Metro Backbone

Access

Aggregation

Core

3G/UMTS
Node B

IP

STM-1/4 or OC-3/12

STM-16 or OC-48

STM-64 or OC-192
PSTN

ATM

OMC DSLAM

Transport technologies and protocols

PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

D-WDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing C-WDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing OTN Optical Transport Network (G.709) ASTN / ASON - Automatic Switched Telecommunication / Optical Network Data (Ethernet)
9

Evolution of Digital Access

Pure Fibre
Hybrid Fibre/Copper FTTH

Enhanced Copper

ADSL
ISDN

FTTx, VDSL2, ADSL2plus (FTTC/FTTB)

Voiceband Modem
10

Different Access Technologies

Telephone Copper wires

POTS
ISDN xDSL

Fiber Communciation
Point to Point
Point to Multipoint

Mobile Communication
GSM 3G/WCDMA HSPA LTE

11

Why Fiber??

Example Download of a 10M ppt file

Fixed access 10 sec

(8Mb/s)

0,8 sec Mobile (100Mb/s) 1,6 sec (50Mb/s)

access
6 sec 3,5 min

0,8 sec (100Mb/s)

24 min

2h 20 min

Access speed is no longer the limitation for services

12

What is Fiber to the Home (FTTH)?

An OAN in which the ONU is on or within the customers premise. Although the first installed capacity of a FTTH network varies, the upgrade capacity of a FTTH network exceeds all other transmission media.
OAN: ONU: OLT: Optical Access Network Optical Network Unit Optical Line Termination

OAN
CO/HE //

OLT

ONU

13

Why FTTH? Fibre Vs Copper

Glass
Uses light Transparent Dielectric materialnonconductive
EMI immune

Copper
Uses electricity Opaque Electrically conductive material
Susceptible to EMI

Low thermal expansion Brittle, rigid material Chemically stable

High thermal expansion Ductile material Subject to corrosion and galvanic reactions
Fortunately, its recyclable

14

FTTH Architecture

Office Parks Small Businesses

ONT

Residential
ONT ONT

ONT

Copper Distribution

FTTP Overlay
Small Businesses

FTTP Full Build

ONT

|
Circuit Switch
Copper Feeder

Splitter Hub

Splitter
Splitter
ONT ONT ONT ONT

Splitter
ONT ONT

Splitter

OLT

New Buried Development

15

PDH

16

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

plesiochronous
Nearly synchronised, a term describing a communication system where transmitted signals have the same nominal digital rate but are synchronised on different clocks. According to ITU-T recommendations, corresponding signals are plesiochronous if their significant instants occur at nominally the same rate, with any variation in rate being constrained within specified limits. [Pronunciation? /ples'ee-oh-kroh'nus/?]

17

Multiplexing Hierarchy in ETSI PDH

Frame Synchronization 31 x 64kbit/s 8000Hz
64kbit/s Time slot 0

Primary Rate E1, 2.048Mbit/s +/- 50ppm

E1 2Mbit PCM frame

A Voice D Structured E1 Pay load 31 x 64kbit/s,

E0 64kbit Time Slots Channels Muxed byte by byte

8000 samples/sec. with 8 bit(1 byte)/sample

= 64000bit/s (E0)
Frame length=125s

18

Multiplexing Hierarchy in ETSI PDH

Clock

Primary Rate E1, 2.048Mbit/s E1

In the world of PDH multiplexing is: 4 x 2,048 = 8,448 (?!) 4 x 8,448 = 34,368 (?!)
Secondary Rate E2, 8.448Mbit/s E2 E2

32x 64kbit/s

Clock

Clock
E1

Clock
Tertiary Rate E3, 34.368Mbit/s E3

Clock

E1
Clock

E2
E2

E1

Multiplexing De-Multiplexing
19

Drawbacks of a PDH Network

Not able to identify channels within a signal of higher order

Could have been overcome with large scale ASIC integration Transmux or skipmux interfaces were designed for SDH Need to fully de-multiplex to access any constituent lower order signal, hence add/drop is very complex and expensive

Not standardised for rates above 140 Mb/s Regionally different hierarchies
US based on 270 Mb/s, Europe 140 Mb/s, Japan 100 Mb/s

565 Mb/s systems were designed and extensively deployed, but were proprietary

Proprietary network management

And, very limited in-band management capability Limited surveillance and management features

No standardised protection capability

20

SDH & NG-SDH

21

Why SDH?

Do transport PDH traffic without the typical draw back of PDH technology, accessing to low rate channels without unpacking everything:
Multiplexing structure

Standardised higher bit rate systems

Common set of line rates between SONET and SDH cheaper components
Better management and communications

Protection functionality - line and path options

22

SDH Multiplexing Structure

40Gb/s STM-256
1x

1x
AUG-256 AU-4-256c VC-4-256c C-4-256c

4x 1x
AUG-64 AU-4-64c VC-4-64c C-4-64c

10Gb/s STM-64
1x

4x 1x
AUG-16 AU-4-16c VC-4-16c C-4-16c

2.5Gb/s STM-16
1x

4x 1x
AUG-4 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c

622Mb/s STM-4
1x

4x 1x
AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 TU-3 VC-3 C-3

155Mb/s STM-1
1x
STM-0

3x 3x
AU-3 VC-3

1x
TUG-3

1x
LEGEND:

7x

7x 1x
TUG-2 TU-2 VC-2 C-2

xxx

POINTER PROCESSING MULTIPLEXING

(N is multiplexing factor)

3x
TU-12 VC-12 C-12

Nx

ALIGNING MAPPING

4x
TU-11 VC-11 C-11

23

Next Generation SDH

x1
STM-1 AUG-4 AU-4 VC-4 C-4

140Mbit/s

SDH was created at the end of the 1980s x3 when the predominant telecomms traffic was PDH
2Mbit/s, 34Mbit/s, 140Mbit/s

x1
TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3

C-3

x7
TUG-2

45Mbit/s 34Mbit/s

x3
TU-12
VC-12

2Mbit/s
C-12

Transport of Ethernet is now an important requirement

Next Generation SDH (NG SDH) equipment do transport Ethernet traffic into an SDH based transport network
(equipment also known as: MSPP, MSTN, OED)

100% 90% 80% 70%

60%
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

Principal driver is support for Ethernet LL services - LES, VLAN, VPLS, VPN Fuelled adoption of VCAT, GFP, LCAS for data mapping (NG SDH) Now evolving to include Layer 2 functionality, MPLS .

Next-Generation SDH (Optical Edge Devices OEDs) Legacy ADMs

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Source: RHK (EMEA - October 2004)

24

Microwave

25

What is Microwave Communication ?

A communication system that utilizes the radio frequency band spanning 2 to 60 GHz. As per IEEE, electromagnetic waves between 30 and 300 GHz are called millimeter waves (MMW) instead of microwaves as their wavelengths are about 1 to 10mm. Small capacity systems generally employ the frequencies less than 3 GHz while medium and large capacity systems utilize frequencies ranging from 3 to 15 GHz. Frequencies > 15 GHz are essentially used for short-haul transmission

26

Elements of a Microwave link

Antenna

Outdoor eqpt

Interconnecting cable TX/RX

TX/RX

Site A

Indoor eqpt

Site B

27

Building Blocks of Microwave link (Tx. Section)

Basic building blocks are: Modulator : Converts the basband input digital to an intermediate frequency called IF. Transmitter: Modulates a MW carrier with the IF signal RF TX filter: Its a band pass filter that allows only desired frequency to be transmitted. Branching Network : Branching network isolates Tx and Rx paths in a microwave equipment. Feeder : Feeder refers to the waveguide that connects Branching network to the antenna

28

Frequency Bands

Following are the frequency bands available for commercial use in MW links : 1. 7-8 GHz

2. 11 GHz
3. 13 GHz 4. 15 GHz 5. 18 GHz 6. 23 GHz 7. 26 GHz 8. 38 GHz Each of these bands is divided into further sub-bands. This facilitates to allocate frequencies to different operators without causing mutual interference in their networks.

29

Advantages of Microwave Radio

Less affected by natural calamities Less prone to accidental damage Links across mountains and rivers are more economically feasible Single point installation and maintenance Single point security They are quickly deployed

30

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

31

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)

1 TX2 2 TX3 3 TX4 4

TX1

WHAT IS WDM?

DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS ON THE SAME FIBRE

32

WDM Technology

DWDM
Dense WDM 50/100GHz spacing (0.4/0.8nm) High power long reach 80 channel systems Up to 40Gb/s an more Tunable lasers 80 channel C band @ OTM-2 (10Gb/s)

CWDM
Coarse WDM 2500GHz spacing (20 nm) Limited reach 8 (16) channel systems Limited capacity (2.5Gb/s SFP based)

33

Mobile Network

34

Current Mobile networks

Microwave
BTS

Copper

SDH rings

BSC

RNC
Node B

Fibre

Cell sites

LowRAN

HighRAN

Core

GSM & TDMA networks were built on TDM

SDH & PDH transport

Same basic transport used for UMTS

Option for ATM aggregation

The UTRAN (3G) standard

R3: ATM RAN R4: ATM RAN backhaul IP Core R5: IP RAN + Core
35

Ethernet to enable All-IP RAN

Network flexibility from microwave and optical

Packet Ethernet TDM TDM & Eth/TDM TDM

Smooth transition for Ethernet introduction

Packet Ethernet TDM TDM Packet Trsp / WDM

TDM

Packet Overlay for high capacity

36

Summary: Components of a Transport Network

OSS/NMS/control layer
NMS OSS

DWDM

DXC 3G Core

NG-SDH

RPR/ TMPLS/ PBT

POTPS

Transmission Core

Router MSC/GMSCG IPTV Core Soft Switch CS / GSR GSN/SGSN CMS/HMS

L3S/ BRAS

3G RNC

IPTV EMS

Aggregation
VoIP AG

L2S

Node B

PON OLT

DSLAM/ MSAN

Access Terminal

PC

Mobile Phone

STB/TV

Tele/video Phone

37

Ethernet Transport Network Architecture

38

Meeting the Challenge of the Zettabyte Era (966 exabytes) by 2015

39

Simple to Scale. Simple to Operate

40

Where Ethernet Fits Into the Mobile Operators Network Evolution Plans

41

Mobile Backhaul - Key Market Trends

Source: Heavy Reading, Ethernet Backhaul Quarterly Market Tracker, November 2007

Enhanced user-experience demands higher-speed data rates

HSDPA the killer application for mobile backhaul Flat rate

Access is definitely the bandwidth bottleneck

PDH/TDM is not a scalable solution

4G technology (WiMAX and LTE) standardization is in the final stage of approval process

Backhaul networks migrating to Ethernet

The mobile RAN is migrating from TDM and ATM to IP/ETH

Will take 3-4 years till mass deployment All IP RAN evolution will happen Many operators will use PW as IP gradually and not in one step solution till LTE availability in order to 2G/3G Base Stations will co-exist for skip one hardware upgrade phase a long time with 3G taking over gradually Base Stations with TDM/ATM I/Fs will stay for at last 3~5 years
42

Typical 2G/3G RAN Backhaul Architecture

Radio Access Network

BTS
BSC Abis Abis E1
E1/ ChSTM-1

DXC
E1/ ChSTM-1

Iub

PDH/SDH TDM Leased Lines

RNC

ATM/IMA, n x E1

NodeB

E1/ ChSTM-1

ATM Switch

Iub
STM-1 ATM

Iu

Both, 2G TDM and 3G ATM traffic are backhauled over TDM leased lines Leased lines for backhaul accounts today 40%-60% of Mobile Operators Operational Expenses (OpEx)
43

Global Market Dynamics Cell Site Growth

Worldwide M obile Backhaul Connections: Installed vs New
5,000

Source: Infonetics Research Mobile Backhaul Equipment, Installed Base & Services, March 2007

4,000

Connections (K)

3,000
New connections

2,000

Installed connections

1,000

0 CY05

CY06

CY07

CY08

CY09

CY10

Calendar Year

Installed Worldwide Cell Site connections will grow from 2.9M in 2006 to 4.8M in 2010
The vast majority of today Installed Cells are T1/E1 based

Many of the Cells cant be upgraded to Ethernet

Ethernet to the Cell Site will be required in order to support future NodeB Many want pseudowire to support 2G BTS and NodeB cell sites (and site with collocated 2G/3G) Increased pressures to use Ethernet for all traffic from a cell site
44

3G is great, but what is next?

Ethernet Solutions for Cell Backhaul is driven by WCDMA/HSPA Evolution

WiMAX and 4G (LTE) technologies standardization coming soon Continuous Improvement of Data Capabilities
T1/E1 will not scale, Ethernet is the only solution During this year new NodeB will support Ethernet This will increase the demand for Ethernet to the cell site 45

Ethernet will be supported in latest releases of NodeB

Accepted Solutions for Cell Backhaul: Ethernet

Ethernet Backhaul will become available before Ethernet RBS

This gap will force the early use of Pseudo-Wire technology Pseudo-Wire will stay in the cell in order to support Hybrid cells

46

Ethernet Service Delivery over Different Access Network Technologies

10/100BaseT 10/100BaseT

Ethernet over Fiber (EoF)

Ethernet Service Provider

Ethernet over SDH (EoS)

10/100BaseT

10/100BaseT

10/100BaseT

Ethernet can be delivered over many different types of access network technologies
47

Migrating to Ethernet Transport - MEF Use Cases

Hybrid RAN/HSDPA Offload Enables phased migration to Ethernet while: Utilizing low cost and available broadband technology for transport HSDPA traffic

Packet offload over Carrier Ethernet (HSDPA offload) Overlay MEN does bandwidth offloading onto Ethernet services Legacy network continues to transport voice and deliver timing/signaling Voice services are migrated onto Ethernet in a second phase

Big Bang

Emulation over Carrier Ethernet (legacy services over Ethernet) RAN nodes with legacy interfaces transport all traffic over Ethernet services using emulation technologies from Day 1

48

Multiple Services Over PSN

Pseudowire Tunnel

MSC
PWE3 Gateway

BSC

Cell Site
2G 3G EVDO WiMAX/ LTE
CES T1/E1 PWE3 ATM IMA nx E1/T1 Ethernet

Access Device

Ethernet

TDM ATM GigE

Service
Ethernet

RNC

Multiprotocol Pseudowires

RNC

Service
CES Pseudowire

Supported Service
AMPS, GSM, CDMA

Cell Site Interface

TDM: T1/E1, DS3/E3, OC3/STM-1

MSC Interface
TDM: T1/E1, DS3/E3, OC3/STM-1,

Benefit
B/W gains from DS0 grooming Stat-mux gains No ATM switch needed in CO Stat-mux gains HDLC data interface Stat-mux gains FR data interface No TDM interfaces needed on CO router

ATM Pseudowire

UMTS, HSDPA

ATM & ATM IMA: T1/E1, DS3/E3, OC3/STM-1

ATM: T1/E1, DS3/E3, OC3/STM-1

HDLC: T1/E1, DS3/E3, OC3/STM-1 FR: T1/E1, DS3/E3, OC3/STM-1

HDLC Pseudowire FR Pseudowire Ethernet Pseudowire switching

1xRTT, EV-DO, Abis

HDLC: T1/E1, DS3/E3

iDEN

FR: T1/E1, DS3/E3

EV-DO, WiMax, 4G

Ethernet: FE

Ethernet: GigE

49

Traffic Differentiation and QoS

Three level of Priorities are required as minimal

Priority 1 for Voice and Management Priority 2 for R99 3G Data Priority 3 for HSPA/HSUPA Priority 4 might be needed for HSDPA (Best Effort Service)
50

Widespread Consensus on the need for PW

Major operators are deploying PW solutions at the cell site and it plays an important role in the evolution of mobile backhaul networks to IP/Ethernet
T-Mobile, Telecom Italia, Swisscom, Taiwan Mobile and eMobile (Japan) are just few operators that announce PW deployment in 2007 For many carriers Pseudo-Wire is not a question of if any more but a question of where? and when?

Emulated TDM/ ATM/HDLC PW Service BTS BSC E1 ETH ATM/IMA Carrier Ethernet RAN
G.823/824 Compliant Clock PWE3 Gateway

TDM

ETH
ATM

RNC R99

NodeB

ETH

PWE3 Cell Site Device

IP RNC R5

R5/4G/ WiMax

51

Widespread Consensus on the need for PW

Major operators are deploying PW solutions at the cell site and it plays an important role in the evolution of mobile backhaul networks to IP/Ethernet
T-Mobile, Telecom Italia, Swisscom, Taiwan Mobile and eMobile (Japan) are just few operators that announce PW deployment in 2007 For many carriers Pseudo-Wire is not a question of if any more but a question of where? and when?

Emulated TDM/ ATM/HDLC PW Service BTS BSC E1 ETH ATM/IMA Carrier Ethernet RAN
G.823/824 Compliant Clock PWE3 Gateway

TDM

ETH
ATM

RNC R99

NodeB

ETH

PWE3 Cell Site Device

IP RNC R5

R5/4G/ WiMax

52

Mobile Backhaul over Ethernet Case Study

HSPA Mobile Backhaul Tier 1 Mobile operator in Japan
AXN10-A55 STM1 ATM

NodeB
Iub

FE

GigE

Ethernet Network
AXN10-A55 STM1 ATM

STM-1 ATM

NodeB

Iub

HPCR Clock Transmission

FE

RNC
AXN800

Emulated ATM circuits

HSPA data traffic runs over Ethernet network

3rd party Ethernet network is used Clock recovery over Packet is supported Fast, easy deployment with perfect migration to Carrier Ethernet Hundreds of cells already deployed

53

Mobile Backhaul over Ethernet Case Study

Taiwan Mobile - GSM/UMTS Backhaul over PSN
3G NodeB 1xT1/E1 ATM (Iub)

NMS
Ethernet LL

3G RNC
2G BTS T1/E1 TDM (Abis)
FE GigE with LAG

3G NodeB

Metro Ethernet from 3rd party SP

1xT1/E1 ATM (Iub)
FE

OC3/STM-1 ATM (Iub) Abis CH OC3/STM-1 PWE3 GW or T1/E1

2G BTS

T1/E1 TDM (Abis)

PWE3 CPE

Wireline / MSO Domain

2G BSC

Emulated TDM and ATM Circuits

Use of Pseudo-Wire technology for TDM (2G) and ATM (3G) Circuit and Service emulation over Carrier Ethernet
Support HSDPA and HSUPA

No changes to the existing RAN infrastructure Clock architecture not changed Future-proof investment, including ability to add IP/Ethernet in the Cell
54

Conclusions

Migration to IP/MPLS backhaul networks is inevitable

Drivers are RAN capacity growth, IP base stations, and service evolution

Immediate OpEx savings and short ROI

Carriers will deploy Ethernet for 3G and 4G backhaul to realize significant cost advantages and close the gap between mobile revenue and expense Pseudo-Wire allows OpEx saving with minimal CapEx investment by skipping some upgrades on the way to LTE

Investment protection
Shifting to Ethernet Assurance and other added value features

RAN Evolution versus Revolution

2G/3G Base Stations are collocated and will co-exist for a long time with 3G taking over gradually Migration to All IP RAN will happen gradually and not in one step

PW Mobile Backhaul solutions are picking up, becoming mainstream

Pseudo-Wire is the Packet-based RAN Migration Enabler Field proven with large deployment over ANY packet transport network

PW Mobile Backhaul Solutions Available Today..for 2G, 3G, and Beyond

55