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Flowchart

The document discusses flowcharts and their use in representing information systems and programs. It provides examples of flowchart symbols and examples of flowcharts for algorithms to calculate a student's grade, convert between feet and centimeters, calculate the area of a rectangle, and solve a quadratic equation. It also covers decision structures like if-then-else statements and nested if statements.

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Raj Bren
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
63 views

Flowchart

The document discusses flowcharts and their use in representing information systems and programs. It provides examples of flowchart symbols and examples of flowcharts for algorithms to calculate a student's grade, convert between feet and centimeters, calculate the area of a rectangle, and solve a quadratic equation. It also covers decision structures like if-then-else statements and nested if statements.

Uploaded by

Raj Bren
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLOWCHARTS

The Flowchart

A graphical representation of the sequence of operations in an information system or program. Information system flowcharts show how data flows from source documents through the computer to final distribution to users. Program flowcharts show the sequence of instructions in a single program or subroutine. Different symbols are used to draw each type of flowchart.

The Flowchart
A Flowchart
shows

logic of an algorithm emphasizes individual steps and their interconnections e.g. control flow from one action to the next

Flowchart Symbols
Basic
Name Symbol Use in Flowchart Oval Denotes the beginning or end of the program

Parallelogram

Denotes an input operation

Rectangle

Denotes a process to be carried out e.g. addition, subtraction, division etc.

Diamond

Denotes a decision (or branch) to be made. The program should continue along one of two routes. (e.g. IF/THEN/ELSE)

Hybrid

Denotes an output operation

Flow line

Denotes the direction of logic flow in the program

Example 1: Write an flow chart to determine a students final grade and indicate whether it is passing or failing. The final grade is calculated as the average of four marks.

Example
START Input M1,M2,M3,M4

GRADE(M1+M2+M3+M4)/4

Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4 Step 2: GRADE (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4 Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then Print FAIL else Print PASS endif
Y

IS GRADE<5 0

PRINT PASS

PRINT FAIL

STOP

Example 2
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart to convert the length in feet to centimeter. Algorithm: Input the length in feet (Lft) Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying LFT with 30 Print length in cm (LCM)

Example 2
Flowchart

Pseudocode Step 1: Input Lft Step 2: Lcm Lft x 30 Step 3: Print Lcm

START

Input Lft

Lcm Lft x 30

Print Lcm

STOP

Example 3
Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will read the two sides of a rectangle and calculate its area. Algorithm: Input the width (W) and Length (L) of a rectangle Calculate the area (A) by multiplying L with W Print A

Example 3
Pseudocode: Step 1: Input W,L Step 2: A L x W Step 3: Print A
START

Input W, L

ALxW

Print A

STOP

Example 4

Write an algorithm and draw a flowchart that will calculate the roots of a quadratic equation ax 2 bx c 0 Hint: d = sqrt ( b2 4ac ), and the roots are: x1 = (b + d)/2a and x2 = (b d)/2a

Example 4
Algorithm: Input the coefficients (a, b, c) of the quadratic equation Calculate d Calculate x1 Calculate x2 Print x1 and x2

Example 4
START

Pseudocode:
Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Input a, b, c d sqrt ( b b 4 a c ) x1 (b + d) / (2 x a) x2 (b d) / (2 x a) Print x1, x2
Input a, b, c d sqrt(b x b 4 x a x c) x1 (b + d) / (2 x a) X2 (b d) / (2 x a) Print x1 ,x2

STOP

DECISION STRUCTURES

The expression A>B is a logical expression it describes a condition we want to test if A>B is true (if A is greater than B) we take the action on left print the value of A if A>B is false (if A is not greater than B) we take the action on right print the value of B

DECISION STRUCTURES

is A>B

Print A

Print B

IFTHENELSE STRUCTURE
The structure is as follows If condition then true alternative else false alternative endif

IFTHENELSE STRUCTURE
The algorithm for the flowchart is as follows: If A>B then Y N is print A A>B else Print Print print B A B endif

Relational Operators
Relational Operators

Operator
> < = Less than Equal to

Description
Greater than

Greater than or equal to Less than or equal to Not equal to

Example 5
Write an algorithm that reads two values, determines the largest value and prints the largest value with an identifying message. ALGORITHM Step 1: Input VALUE1, VALUE2 Step 2: if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then MAX VALUE1 else MAX VALUE2 endif Step 3: Print The largest value is, MAX

Example 5
START Input VALUE1,VALUE2

is VALUE1>VALUE2

MAX VALUE1

MAX VALUE2

Print The largest value is, MAX STOP

NESTED IFS

One of the alternatives within an IF THENELSE statement


may

involve further IFTHENELSE statement

Example 6

Write an algorithm that reads three numbers and prints the value of the largest number.

Example 6
Step 1: Input N1, N2, N3 Step 2: if (N1>N2) then if (N1>N3) then MAX N1 [N1>N2, N1>N3] else MAX N3 [N3>N1>N2] endif else if (N2>N3) then MAX N2 [N2>N1, N2>N3] else MAX N3 [N3>N2>N1] endif endif Step 3: Print The largest number is, MAX

Example 6

Flowchart: Draw the flowchart of the above Algorithm.

Example 7

a)

b)

Write and algorithm and draw a flowchart to read an employee name (NAME), overtime hours worked (OVERTIME), hours absent (ABSENT) and determine the bonus payment (PAYMENT).

Example 7
Bonus Schedule
OVERTIME (2/3)*ABSENT >40 hours >30 but 40 hours >20 but 30 hours >10 but 20 hours 10 hours Bonus Paid $50 $40 $30 $20 $10

Step 1: Input NAME,OVERTIME,ABSENT Step 2: if (OVERTIME(2/3)*ABSENT > 40) then PAYMENT 50 else if (OVERTIME(2/3)*ABSENT > 30) then PAYMENT 40 else if (OVERTIME(2/3)*ABSENT > 20) then PAYMENT 30 else if (OVERTIME(2/3)*ABSENT > 10) then PAYMENT 20 else PAYMENT 10 endif Step 3: Print Bonus for, NAME is $, PAYMENT

Example 7

Flowchart: Draw the flowchart of the above algorithm?

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