C/C++ Tutorial

CSU480

Who is the TA?

Name: Jingjing Duan Office Hours: (might change) Tue & Fri 2:00-4:00 Office: Room 266, WVH Email: [email protected] Class web: www.ccs.neu.edu/course/csu480

Outline

Hello World" Program Data Types & Variables printf() Arithmetic & Logical Operations Conditionals Loops Arrays & Strings

Pointers Functions Command-Line Argument Data Structure Memory Allocation Programming Tips C vs. C++ Books recommended

Hello World Program

The source code

#include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello World\n"); return(0); }

Hello World Program

How to compile? $ gcc hello.c o hello compiling command

gcc

hello.c hello

source file compiler-generated executable file

Note: the default output filename is a.out

Hello World Program

How to execute? ./hello

./ indicates the following file hello resides under the
current directory.

Q: why . is not included in $PATH environment variable?

Hello World Program

A: security consideration. Command ls Location /bin/ls Comment provided by the system virus

ls

current directory

Data types
Name char short int (short) int Description Character or small integer Short integer Integer Size* 1 byte 2 bytes 4 bytes Range* signed: -128 to 127 unsigned: 0 to 255 signed: -32768 to 32767 unsigned: 0 to 65535 signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647 unsigned: 0 to 4294967295 signed: -2147483648 to 2147483647 unsigned: 0 to 4294967295 3.4e +/- 38 (7 digits) 1.7e +/- 308 (15 digits) 1.7e +/- 308 (15 digits)

long int (long) float double long double

Long integer

4 bytes

Floating point number

4 bytes

Double precision 8 bytes floating point number Long double precision floating point number 8 bytes

Variable Declaration
int length = 100; char num = 9; //The actual value is 57 float deposit = 240.5; unsigned short ID = 0x5544; Try the following statements, and see what happens unsigned char value = -1; printf(The value is %d \n, value); unsigned char value = 300; printf(The value is %d \n, value);

Result
Definition unsigned char value = -1 unsigned char value = 300 Memory layout 11111111 00101100 Display 255 44 overflow comment

Variable types

Local variable Local variables are declared within the body of a function, and can only be used within that function. Static variable Another class of local variable is the static type. It is specified by the keyword static in the variable declaration. The most striking difference from a non-static local variable is, a static variable is not destroyed on exit from the function. Global variable A global variable declaration looks normal, but is located outside any of the program's functions. So it is accessible to all functions.

An example int global = 10; int func (int x) { static int stat_var; int temp; int name[50]; } //global variable

//static local variable //(normal) local variable //(normal) local variable

Variable Definition vs Declaration

Definition Tell the compiler about the variable: its type and name, as well as allocated a memory cell for the variable Describe information ``about'' the variable, doesnt allocate memory cell for the variable

Declaration

http://www-ee.eng.hawaii.edu/~tep/EE150/book/chap14/subsection2.1.1.4.html

printf()
The printf() function can be instructed to print integers, floats and string properly. The general syntax is printf( format, variables);

An example
int stud_id = 5200; char * name = Mike; printf(%s s ID is %d \n, name, stud_id);

Format Identifiers %d decimal integers %x hex integer %c character %f float and double number %s string %p pointer
How to specify display space for a variable? printf(The student id is %5d \n, stud_id);

The value of stud_id will occupy 5 characters space in the print-out.

Why \n It introduces a new line on the terminal screen.

escape sequence

\a \b \f \n \r \t \v

alert (bell) character backspace formfeed newline carriage return horizontal tab vertical tab

\\ \? \ \ \000 \xhh

backslash question mark single quote double quote octal number hexadecimal number

Arithmetic Operations

Arithmetic Assignment Operators

Increment and Decrement Operators

awkward x = x+1; x = x-1; easy x += 1 x -= 1 easiest x++ x--

Example
Arithmetic operators int i = 10; int j = 15; int add = i + j; //25 int diff = j i; //5 int product = i * j; // 150 int quotient = j / i; // 1 int residual = j % i; // 5 i++; //Increase by 1 i--; //Decrease by 1

Comparing them int i = 10; int j = 15; float k = 15.0; j/i=? j%i=? k/i=? k%i=?

The Answer j / i = 1; j % i = 5; k / i = 1.5; k % i It is illegal. Note: For %, the operands can only be integers.

Logical Operations

What is true and false in C In C, there is no specific data type to represent true and false. C uses value 0 to represent false, and uses non-zero value to stand for true. Logical Operators A && B => A || B => A == B => A != B =>

A and B A or B Is A equal to B? Is A not equal to B?

A >B A >= B A <B A <= B

=> => => =>

Is A greater than B? Is A greater than or equal to B? Is A less than B? Is A less than or equal to B?

Dont be confused && and || have different meanings from & and |. & and | are bitwise operators.

Short circuiting

Short circuiting means that we don't evaluate the second part of an AND or OR unless we really need to.

Some practices Please compute the value of the following logical expressions?

int i = 10; int j = 15; int k = 15; int m = 0; if( i < j && j < k) => if( i != j || k < j) => if( j<= k || i > k) => if( j == k && m) => if(i) => if(m || j && i ) =>

int i = 10; int j = 15; int k = 15; int m = 0; if( i < j && j < k) => false if( i != j || k < j) => true if( j<= k || i > k) => true if( j == k && m) => false if(i) => true if(m || j && i ) => true
Did you get the correct answers?

Conditionals

if statement Three basic formats, if (expression){

statement

if (expression) {

}else{ statement
}

statement

if (expression) {

statement } else if (expression) { statement

} else{

statement
}

An example if(score >= 90){ a_cnt ++; }else if(score >= 80){ b_cnt++; }else if(score >= 70){ c_cnt++; }else if (score>= 60){ d_cnt++ }else{ f_cnt++ }

The switch statement switch (expression) { case item1:

break; case item2: break; default:

statement; statement;
statement;
break;

Loops

for statement for (expression1; expression2; expression3){

statement
}
expression1 initializes; expression2 is the terminate test; expression3 is the modifier;

An example int x; for (x=0; x<3; x++) { printf("x=%d\n",x); } First time: Second time: Third time: Fourth time: x = 0; x = 1; x = 2; x = 3; (dont execute the body)

The while statement while (expression) { statement } while loop exits only when the expression is false.
An example int x = 3; while (x>0) { printf("x=%d n",x); x--; }

for <==> while

for (expression1; expression2; expression3){ expression1; while (expression2) { statement; expression3; }

statement
}

equals

Arrays & Strings

Arrays int ids[50]; char name[100]; int table_of_num[30][40]; Accessing an array ids[0] = 40; i = ids[1] + j; table_of_num[3][4] = 100; Note: In C Array subscripts start at 0 and end one less than the array size. [0 .. n-1]

Strings Strings are defined as arrays of characters. The only difference from a character array is, a symbol \0 is used to indicate the end of a string.
For example, suppose we have a character array, char name[8], and we store into it a string Dave. Note: the length of this string 4, but it occupies 5 bytes.

\0

Functions
Functions are easy to use; they allow complicated programs to be broken into small blocks, each of which is easier to write, read, and maintain. This is called modulation.

How does a function look like? returntype function_name(parameters) {

local variables declaration; function code;

return result; }

Sample function int addition(int x, int y) { int add; add = x + y; return add; } How to call a function? int result; int i = 5, j = 6; result = addition(i, j);

Pointers
Pointer is the most beautiful (ugliest) part of C, but also brings most trouble to C programmers. Over 90% bugs in the C programs come from pointers. The International Obfuscated C Code Contest (http://www.ioccc.org/) What is a pointer? A pointer is a variable which contains the address in memory of another variable.

In C we have a specific type for pointers.

Declaring a pointer variable int * pointer; char * name; How to obtain the address of a variable? int x = 0x2233; pointer = &x; where & is called address of operator.
How to get the value of the variable indicated by the pointer? int y = *pointer;

What happens in the memory?

Suppose the address of variable x is 0x5200 in the above example, so the value of the variable pointer is 0x5200.

pointer
0x5200

33

22

00

00

0x5200

0x5203

swap the value of two variables

Why is the left one not working?

swap x, y x, y, a, b are all local variables main a, b

call swap(a, b) in main

Why is the right one working?

Pointers and Arrays Pointers and arrays are very closely linked in C. Array elements arranged in consecutive memory locations Accessing array elements using pointers int ids[50]; int * p = &ids[0]; p[i] <=> ids[i] Pointers and Strings A string can be represented by a char * pointer.

Char name[50]; name[0] = D; name[1] = a; name[2] = v; name[3] = e; name[4] = \0; char * p = &name[0]; printf(The name is %s \n, p); Note: The p represents the string Dave, but not the array name[50].

Command-Line Argument
In C you can pass arguments to main() function. main() prototype int main(int argc, char * argv[]); argc indicates the number of arguments argv is an array of input string pointers.

How to pass your own arguments? ./hello 10

What value is argc and argv? Lets add two printf statement to get the value of argc and argv.
#include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char * argv[]);) { int i=0; printf("Hello World\n"); printf(The argc is %d \n, argc); for(i=0; i < argc; i++){ printf(The %dth element in argv is %s\n, i, argv[i]); } return(0); }

The output
The argc is 2 The 0th element in argv is ./hello The 1th element in argv is 10 The trick is the system always passes the name of the executable file as the first argument to the main() function.

How to use your argument?

Be careful. Your arguments to main() are always in string format. Taking the above program for example, the argv[1] is string 10, not a number. You must convert it into a number before you can use it.

Data Structure
A data structure is a collection of one or more variables, possibly of different types.

An example of student record struct stud_record{ char name[50]; int id; int age; int major; };

A data structure is also a data type struct stud_record my_record; struct stud_record * pointer; pointer = & my_record; Accessing a field inside a data structure my_record.id = 10; . or pointer->id = 10; ->

Memory Allocation

Stack memory allocation Non-static local variable is an example of stack memory allocation. Such memory allocations are placed in a system memory area called the stack.

Static memory allocation Static local variable and global variable require static memory allocation. Static memory allocation happens before the program starts, and persists through the entire life time of the program.

Dynamic memory allocation It allows the program determine how much memory it needs at run time, and allocate exactly the right amount of storage. The region of memory where dynamic allocation and deallocation of memory can take place is called the heap. Note: the program has the responsibility to free the dynamic memory it allocated.

Memory arrangement

Functions for the dynamic memory allocation void *malloc(size_t number_of_bytes); allocates dynamic memory size_t sizeof(type); returns the number of bytes of type void free(void * p) releases dynamic memory allocation An example of dynamic memory allocation int * ids; //id arrays int num_of_ids = 40; ids = malloc( sizeof(int) * num_of_ids); .. Processing ... free(ids);

Allocating a data structure instance struct stud_record * pointer; pointer = malloc(sizeof(struct stud_record)); pointer->id = 10;
Never calculate the size of data structure yourself. The reason is the size of data types is machine-dependent. Give it to sizeof() function. size of int 32-bytes machines 64-bytes machines 32 64

Programming Tips

Replacing numbers in your code with macros - dont use magic numbers directly #define MAX_NAME_LEN 50; char name[MAX_NAME_LEN]; Avoiding global variables - modulation is more important Giving variables and functions a nice name - a meaning name Dont repeat your code - make a subroutine/function Dont let the function body to exceed one screen - hard to debug

Indenting your code (clearance) if(expression) { if(expression) { } } Commenting your code Dont rush into coding. Plan first. Printing out more debugging information Using debugger (gdb)

C vs. C++
C++ is a superset of C C++ has all the characteristics of C Using g++ to compile your source code

Books recommended

The C Programming Language, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie. Second edition. Prentice-Hall, 1988. (C Bible) The C++ Programming Language, Bjarne Stroustrup. Third edition. Addison-Wesley, 1997. (C++ Bible) Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment, W. Richard Stevens, AddisonWesley, 1992. (APUE)

Thanks