PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
Solids
Solids bounded by the planes, known as faces of solid. These solids are known as polyhedra, when all faces are equal and regular known as polyhedron. Tetrahedron: Four faces, each equilateral triangle. Cube or hexahedron: Six faces, each square. Octahedron: eight faces, each equilateral triangle. Prism: Polyhedron having two equal and similar faces, called the ends/base of solids. These faces are parallel to each other.
Pyramid: Polyhedron with a single base.
Solids of revolutions: Solid generated by the revolution of simple planes. Cylinder: Revolution of rectangle.
Cone: Revolution of triangle.
Sphere: Revolution of semicircle.
Frustum: Surface generated by cutting pyramid or cone parallel to its base.
Truncated: The surface generated by cutting a solid at inclined plane.
STANDING ON H.P On its base. (Axis perpendicular to Hp And // to Vp.)
RESTING ON H.P On one point of base circle. (Axis inclined to Hp And // to Vp)
LYING ON H.P On one generator. (Axis inclined to Hp And // to Vp)
F.V.
F.V.
F.V.
X
While observing Fv, x-y line represents Horizontal Plane. (Hp)
Projection of solids having axis perpendicular to one of the reference plane and parallel to the other
Rule no 1: Under this condition. The base of solid, which is parallel to that particular reference plane will appear in true form. Thus, the view appearing on that particular plane will be drawn first.
Orthographic projection of cylinder with its axis perpendicular to V.P and parallel to H.P
Orthographic projection of triangular pyramid with 30 mm edge as the base and 35 mm long axis. The base is at 20 mm above the H.P, nearest edge of the base is parallel to V.P at 20 mm distance.
Projection of solids having axis parallel to H.P and V.P both
Projection of solids having axis parallel to H.P and V.P both
Projection of solids having axis inclined to one of the reference plane and parallel to the other
Procedure 1
Two step procedure 1. In the initial stage, assume the solid to be in simplest possible position based on the rule no 1. Solid is assumed to have its axis perpendicular to that reference plane with which it is required to be inclined. 2. The position of one of the view is altered due to above inclination. Draw the projection of this view first and project the other view from it.
Procedure 2
Two step procedure 1. In the initial stage, assume the solid to be in simplest possible position based on the rule no 1. Solid is assumed to have its axis perpendicular to that reference plane with which it is required to be inclined. 2. A suitable auxiliary plan is drawn according to the required condition. The altering view is projected on this new auxiliary plane.
Orthographic projection of rectangular pyramid with its axis parallel to V.P and Inclined to H.P
Procedure 1
Procedure 1
O, v
Procedure 2: Auxiliary plane method
v1
v1
d1
c1 a1
d1
b1
a1
c1
b1
Problem 1. A square pyramid, 40 mm base sides and axis 60 mm long, has a triangular face on the ground and the vertical plane containing the axis makes an angle of 450 with the VP. Draw its projections. Take apex nearer to VP b1
a1
X ab a o b
c d d c
d1 a1
d1
c1
o1
a1 o1
c1
b1
(APEX NEARER TO V.P).
For dark and dotted lines
1. Decide direction of an observer. 2. Select nearest point to observer and draw all lines starting from it-dark. 3. Select farthest point to observer and draw all lines (remaining)from it- dotted.
Problem 2: A cone 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one generator on Hp, the axis of solid makes 300 inclination with Vp Draw its projections.
h1 g1
a1
b1 c1
a hb
c g g
f d e g1 f f1 e e1 h1 a1 b1 c1
f1 e1
g1
f1
d1
h1
a1
o1
30
o1
a b c d
o1 e1
b1
d1 c1
d1
Solids with axis inclined to both the H.P and V.P
Problem : A cylinder 40 mm diameter and 50 mm axis is resting on one point of a base circle on Vp while its axis makes 450 with Vp and Fv of the axis 350 with Hp. Draw projections.
4d 3 c a d
4 c
1 a
2 b a bd c 450
350 c1 d1 a1 4
b1
3
24
3 1
A pentagonal prism is resting on one of the edge of the edges of its base on the H.P with its axis inclined at 450 to the HP and (i) the plan view of the axis inclined at 300 to the V.P (ii) the axis is inclined 300 to the V.P.
