MAGNETO HYDRO DYNAMIC SYSTEMS

PREPARED BY: PRASHANT S. PATEL M.E(ELECTRICAL 1st SEM) ROLL NO:- 26

CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION

PRINCIPLE
BASIC CONCEPT COMPONENTS OF MHD SYSTEM POWER DEVELOPED IN MHD SYSTEM ADVANTAGES LIMITATIONS ITS FUTURE PROSPECTS

PRINCIPLE:
MHD generator works on Faradays laws of

electromagnetic induction. When a conductor moves in a magnetic field such that it cuts the field,emf is induced in the conductor.Current flows if the circuit is complete. In MHD generator,conducting gas is used instead of solid conductor.

PRINCIPLE OF MHD POWER GENERATION

voltage is induced in it which produces an electric current.

conductors consist of copper strips.

gaseous conductor; an ionized gas. If such a gas is passed at a high velocity through a powerful magnetic field, a current is generated and can extracted by placing electrodes in a suitable position in the stream.
The principle can be explained as follows. An electric conductor

moving through a magnetic field experiences a retarding force as well as an induced electric field and current.

PRINCIPLE OF MHD POWER GENERATION

 The electromagnetic induction principle is not limited to solid

conductors. The movement of a conducting fluid through a magnetic field can also generate electrical energy.
when a fluid is used for the energy conversion technique , it is

called the MAGNATO HYDRODYNAMIC (MHD) ,energy conversion.

an electromotive force (or electric voltage ) is induced in the direction at right angles to both flow & field directions, as shown in the next slide

 The conducting flow fluid is forced between the plates with a

kinetic energy & pressure differential sufficient to overcome the magnetic induction force Find.
The end view drawing illustrates the construction of the flow

channel.
An ionized gas is employed as the conducting fluid.

Ionization is produced either by thermal means i.e. by an

elevated temperature or by seeding with substance like cesium or potassium vapours which ionize at relatively low temperatures.
The atoms of seed element split off electrons. The presence of

the negatively charged electrons makes the carrier gas an electrical conductor

 Thus the MHD systems can be classified broadly as

follows : 1) Open Cycle System. 2) Close Cycle System. a) Seeded Inert Gas system b) Liquid Metal System.

OPEN CYCLE SYSTEM :

 Fuel used may be oil through an oil tank or gasified coal through

a coal gasification plant.

combustion chamber.
The hot gases from combustor is then seeded with a small

amount of an ionized alkali metal(cesium or potassium) to increase the electrical conductivity of the gas.
The seed material, generally potassium carbonate is injected into

the combustion chamber, the potassium is then ionized by the hot combustion gases at temperature of roughly( 2300-2700c)

 To attain such high temperatures, the compressed air

used to burn the coal in the combustion chamber, must be adequate to at least 1100c. A lower preheat temperature would be adequate if the air where enriched in oxygen. An alternative is to use compressed oxygen alone for combustion of fuel, little or no preheating is then required. The additional cost of the oxygen might be balanced by saving on the preheater.
The hot pressurized working fluid living the combustor

flows through the a convergent divergent nozzle. In passing through the nozzle, the random motion energy of the molecules in the hot gas is largely converted into directed, mass of energy. Thus, the gas emerges from the nozzle and enters the MHD generator units at a high velocity.

 The MHD generator is divergent channel made of a heat resistant

alloy with external water cooling. The hot gas expands through the rocket like generator surrounded by power full magnet. During motion of the gas the +ve and ve ions move to the electrodes and constitute an electric current.

The arrangement of the electrode connections is determined by

the need to reduce losses arising from the Hall effect. By this effect, the magnetic field acts on the MHD-generated current and produces a voltage in flow direction of the working fluid rather than at right angles to it.

CLOSED CYCLE SYSTEM :

Two general types of closed cycle MHD generators are being investigated. electrical conductivity is maintain in the working fluid by ionization of a seed material, as in open cycle system a liquid metal provides the conductivity. The carrier is usually a chemical inter gas, all though a liquid carrier is been used with a liquid metal conductor. The working fluid is circulated in a closed loop and is heated by the combustion gases using a heat exchanger. Hence the heat sources and the working fluid are independent. The working fluid is helium or argon with cesium seeding

1. 2.

 Because the combustion system is separate from the working

fluid, so also are the ash and flue gases. Hence, the problem of extracting the seed material from flyash does not arise. The fuel gases are used to preheat the incoming combustion air and then treated for fly ash and Sulfur dioxide removal, if necessary prior to discharge through a stack to the atmosphere.
The loop in the centre is the MHD loop. The hot argon gas is

seeding with cesium and resulting working fluid is passed through the MHD generator at high speed. The dc power out of MHD generator is converted in ac by the inverter and is then fed into the grid.

ADVANTAGES OF MHD SYSTEMS

The conversion efficiency of an MHD system can be around 50 per cent as compared to less then 40 per cent for the most efficient steam plants. Still higher thermal efficiencies(60-65%) are expected in future, with the improvements in experience and technology. Large amount of power is generated. It has no moving parts, so more reliable. The closed cycle system produces power free of pollution. It has ability to reach the full power level as soon as started.

2) 3) 4)

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6) 7)

8)

The size of the plant (m2/kW) is considerably smaller then conventional fossil fuel plants.

APPLICATION:

Power generation in space craft. Hypersonic wind tunnel experiments. Defense application.

CONCLUSION: The MHD power generation is in advanced stage

today and closer to commercial utilization significant progress has been made in development of all critical component and sub system technologies coal burning MHD combined steam power plant promise significant economic and environmental advantages compared to other coal burning power generate technologies. It will not be long before the technological problem of MHD generate are overcome and MHD power generation transform itself from non-conventional to conventional energy sources.

REFERENCE :
NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES BY

G.D.RAI