Restricting and Sorting Data
Objectives
Limit the rows retrieved by a query Sort the rows retrieved by a query
Limiting Rows Using a Selection
EMPLOYEES
retrieve all employees in department 90
Limiting the Rows Selected
Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE clause. The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.
SELECT FROM WHERE
*|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} table condition(s)];
Using the WHERE Clause
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id FROM employees WHERE department_id = 90 ;
Character Strings and Dates
Character strings and date values are enclosed in single quotation marks. Character values are case sensitive, and date values are format sensitive. The default date format is DD-MON-RR.
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Whalen';
Comparison Conditions
Operator
= > >= < <= <>
Meaning
Equal to Greater than Greater than or equal to Less than Less than or equal to Not equal to
Using Comparison Conditions
SELECT last_name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary <= 3000;
Other Comparison Conditions
Operator Meaning
BETWEEN ...AND...
IN(set) LIKE IS NULL
Between two values (inclusive),
Match any of a list of values Match a character pattern Is a null value
Using the BETWEEN Condition
Use the BETWEEN condition to display rows based on a range of values.
SELECT last_name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500;
Lower limit
Upper limit
Using the IN Condition
Use the IN membership condition to test for values in a list.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IN (100, 101, 201);
Using the LIKE Condition
Use the LIKE condition to perform wildcard searches of valid search string values. Search conditions can contain either literal characters or numbers: % denotes zero or many characters. _ denotes one character.
SELECT first_name FROM employees WHERE first_name LIKE 'S%';
Using the LIKE Condition
Using both the options
SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '_o%';
Using the NULL Conditions
Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator.
SELECT last_name, manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
Logical Conditions
Operator Meaning
AND
OR
Returns TRUE if both component conditions are true
Returns TRUE if either component condition is true Returns TRUE if the following condition is false
NOT
Using the AND Operator
AND requires both conditions to be true.
SELECT FROM WHERE AND employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary employees salary >=10000 job_id LIKE '%MAN%';
Using the OR Operator
OR requires either condition to be true.
SELECT FROM WHERE OR employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary employees salary >= 10000 job_id LIKE '%MAN%';
Using the NOT Operator
SELECT last_name, job_id FROM employees WHERE job_id NOT IN ('IT_PROG', 'ST_CLERK', 'SA_REP');
Rules of Precedence
Order Evaluated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Operator Arithmetic operators Concatenation operator Comparison conditions IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN [NOT] BETWEEN NOT logical condition AND logical condition OR logical condition
Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.
Rules of Precedence
SELECT FROM WHERE OR AND last_name, job_id, salary employees job_id = 'SA_REP' job_id = 'AD_PRES' salary > 15000;
Rules of Precedence
Use parentheses to force priority.
SELECT FROM WHERE OR AND last_name, job_id, salary employees (job_id = 'SA_REP' job_id = 'AD_PRES') salary > 15000;
ORDER BY Clause
Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause ASC: ascending order, default DESC: descending order The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement.
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date FROM employees ORDER BY hire_date ;
Sorting in Descending Order
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date FROM employees ORDER BY hire_date DESC ;
Sorting by Column Alias
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 annsal FROM employees ORDER BY annsal;
Sorting by Multiple Columns
The order of ORDER BY list is the order of sort.
SELECT last_name, department_id, salary FROM employees ORDER BY department_id, salary DESC;
You can sort by a column that is not in the SELECT list.
Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to:
Use the WHERE clause to restrict rows of output
Use the comparison conditions
Use the BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and NULL conditions
Apply the logical AND, OR, and NOT operators
Use the ORDER BY clause to sort rows of output
*|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...} table condition(s)] {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]];
SELECT FROM [WHERE [ORDER BY
