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Electric Field: What Is Electromagnetics?

This document discusses different coordinate systems used in engineering electromagnetics including: - Rectangular coordinate system - Cylindrical coordinate system - Spherical coordinate system It provides definitions and relationships between the different coordinate systems. Examples are given to convert between rectangular and other coordinate systems. Key concepts like vectors, dot products, cross products are also defined in the context of different coordinate systems.

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Mary Joan Miranda
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
44 views

Electric Field: What Is Electromagnetics?

This document discusses different coordinate systems used in engineering electromagnetics including: - Rectangular coordinate system - Cylindrical coordinate system - Spherical coordinate system It provides definitions and relationships between the different coordinate systems. Examples are given to convert between rectangular and other coordinate systems. Key concepts like vectors, dot products, cross products are also defined in the context of different coordinate systems.

Uploaded by

Mary Joan Miranda
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electric field

Produced by the presence of


electrically charged particles,
and gives rise to the electric
force.
Magnetic field
Produced by the motion of
electric charges, or electric
current, and gives rise to the
magnetic force associated
with magnets.
Engineering Electromagnetics
What is Electromagnetics?
Engineering Electromagnetics
Electromagnetic Wave Spectrum
Engineering Electromagnetics
Electric and magnetic field exist nearly everywhere.
Why do we learn Engineering Electromagnetics
Engineering Electromagnetics
Electromagnetic principles find application in various disciplines
such as microwaves, x-rays, antennas, electric machines,
plasmas, etc.
Applications
Engineering Electromagnetics
Electromagnetic fields are used in induction heaters for melting,
forging, annealing, surface hardening, and soldering operation.
Electromagnetic devices include transformers, radio, television,
mobile phones, radars, lasers, etc.
Applications
Engineering Electromagnetics
Transrapid Train
A magnetic traveling field moves the
vehicle without contact.
The speed can be continuously
regulated by varying the frequency of
the alternating current.
Applications
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
Scalar
A vector quantity
Scalar notation: A or A (italic or plain)
Vector notation: A or A (bold or plain with arrow)
Scalars and Vectors

Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
+ = + A B B A
( ) ( ) + = + A B+C A B +C
( ) = + A B A B
1
n n
=
A
A
0 = = A B A B
Vector Algebra
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
Rectangular Coordinate System
Differential surface units:
dx dy
dy dz
dx dz
Differential volume unit :
dx dy dz
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
Vector Components and Unit Vectors
= + + r x y z
x y z
x y z = + + r a a a
, , :
x y z
a a a unit vectors
?
PQ
R
PQ Q P
= R r r
(2 2 ) (1 2 3 )
x y z x y z
= + + + a a a a a a
4 2
x y z
= a a a
For any vector B, :
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
Vector Components and Unit Vectors
x x y y z z
B B B = + B a a + a
2 2 2
x y z
B B B = + + B
Magnitude of B
B =
2 2 2
B
x y z
B B B
=
+ +
B
a =
B
B
Unit vector in the direction of B
Example
Given points M(1,2,1) and N(3,3,0), find R
MN
and a
MN
.
(3 3 0 ) ( 1 2 1 )
MN x y z x y z
= + + + R a a a a a a 4 5
x y z
= a a a
MN
MN
MN
=
R
a
R
2 2 2
4 5 1
4 ( 5) ( 1)
x y z

=
+ +
a a a
0.617 0.772 0.154
x y z
= a a a
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Dot Product
Given two vectors A and B, the dot product, or scalar product,
is defines as the product of the magnitude of A, the magnitude
of B, and the cosine of the smaller angle between them:
cos
AB
u = A B A B
The dot product is a scalar, and it obeys the commutative law:
= A B B A
For any vector and ,
x x y y z z
A A A = + A a a + a
x x y y z z
B B B = + B a a + a
x x y y z z
A B A B A B = + A B +
One of the most important applications of the dot product is that of
finding the component of a vector in a given direction.
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Dot Product
cos
Ba
u = B a B a cos
Ba
u = B
The scalar component of B in the direction
of the unit vector a is Ba
The vector component of B in the direction
of the unit vector a is (Ba)a
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Dot Product
Example
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,1,2),
B(2,3,4), and C(3,1,5). Find: (a) R
AB
; (b) R
AC
; (c) the angle

BAC
at vertex A; (d) the vector projection of R
AB
on R
AC
.
A
B
C
BAC
u
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Dot Product
( )
on
AB AC AB AC AC
= R R R a a
2 2 2 2 2 2
( 9 2 3 ) ( 9 2 3 )
( 8 4 6 )
( 9) (2) (3) ( 9) (2) (3)
x y z x y z
x y z
| |
+ + + +
|
= +
|
+ + + + |
\ .
a a a a a a
a a a
( 9 2 3 )
62
94 94
x y z
+ +
=
a a a
5.963 1.319 1.979
x y z
= + + a a a
Example
The three vertices of a triangle are located at A(6,1,2),
B(2,3,4), and C(3,1,5). Find: (a) R
AB
; (b) R
AC
; (c) the angle

BAC
at vertex A; (d) the vector projection of R
AB
on R
AC
.
sin
N AB
u = A B a A B
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Cross Product
Given two vectors A and B, the magnitude of the cross product,
or vector product, written as AB, is defines as the product of
the magnitude of A, the magnitude of B, and the sine of the
smaller angle between them.
The direction of AB is perpendicular to the plane containing A
and B and is in the direction of advance of a right-handed
screw as A is turned into B.
The cross product is a vector, and it is
not commutative:
( ) ( ) = B A A B
x y z
y z x
z x y
=
=
=
a a a
a a a
a a a
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Cross Product
Example
Given A = 2a
x
3a
y
+a
z
and B = 4a
x
2a
y
+5a
z
, find AB.
( ) ( ) ( )
y z z y x z x x z y x y y x z
A B A B A B A B A B A B = + + A B a a a
( ) ( ) ( )
( 3)(5) (1)( 2) (1)( 4) (2)(5) (2)( 2) ( 3)( 4)
x y z
= + + a a a
13 14 16
x y z
= a a a
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Cylindrical Coordinate System
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Cylindrical Coordinate System
Differential surface units:
d dz
d dz |
d d |
Differential volume unit :
d d dz |
cos x | =
sin y | =
z z =
2 2
x y = +
1
tan
y
x
|

=
z z =
Relation between the
rectangular and the cylindrical
coordinate systems
|
a
z
a

a
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Cylindrical Coordinate System
Dot products of unit vectors in
cylindrical and rectangular
coordinate systems
y
a
z
a
x
a
A

= A a
( )
x x y y z z
A A A

= + a a + a a
x x y y z z
A A A

= + a a a a + a a
cos sin
x y
A A | | = +
A
| |
= A a
( )
x x y y z z
A A A
|
= + a a + a a
x x y y z z
A A A
| | |
= + a a a a + a a
sin cos
x y
A A | | = +
z z
A = A a
( )
x x y y z z z
A A A = + a a + a a
x x z y y z z z z
A A A = + a a a a + a a
z
A =
?
x x y y z z z z
A A A A A A
| |
= + = + A a a + a A a a + a
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Spherical Coordinate System
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Spherical Coordinate System
Differential surface units:
dr rdu
sin dr r d u |
sin rd r d u u |
Differential volume unit :
sin dr rd r d u u |
sin cos x r u | =
sin sin y r u | =
cos z r u =
2 2 2
, 0 r x y z r = + + >
1
2 2 2
cos , 0 180
z
x y z
u u

= s s
+ +
1
tan
y
x
|

=
Relation between the rectangular and
the spherical coordinate systems
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Spherical Coordinate System
Dot products of unit vectors in spherical and
rectangular coordinate systems
Chapter 1 Vector Analysis
The Spherical Coordinate System
Example
Given the two points, C(3,2,1) and D(r = 5, = 20, = 70),
find: (a) the spherical coordinates of C; (b) the rectangular
coordinates of D.

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