C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

Chapter 5: Control Structures II (Repetition)

Objectives
In this chapter, you will: Learn about repetition (looping) control structures Explore how to construct and use countcontrolled, sentinel-controlled, flagcontrolled, and EOF-controlled repetition structures Examine break and continue statements Discover how to form and use nested control structures
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Objectives (cont'd.)
Learn how to avoid bugs by avoiding patches Learn how to debug loops

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

Why Is Repetition Needed?

Repetition allows you to efficiently use variables Can input, add, and average multiple numbers using a limited number of variables For example, to add five numbers:
Declare a variable for each number, input the numbers and add the variables together Create a loop that reads a number into a variable and adds it to a variable that contains the sum of the numbers
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while Looping (Repetition) Structure

The general form of the while statement is: while is a reserved word Statement can be simple or compound Expression acts as a decision maker and is usually a logical expression Statement is called the body of the loop The parentheses are part of the syntax
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C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

while Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont'd.)

Infinite loop: continues to execute endlessly

Avoided by including statements in loop body that assure exit condition is eventually false
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while Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont'd.)

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

Designing while Loops

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

Case 1: Counter-Controlled while Loops

If you know exactly how many pieces of data need to be read,
while loop becomes a counter-controlled loop

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fifth Edition

Case 2: Sentinel-Controlled while Loops

Sentinel variable is tested in the condition Loop ends when sentinel is encountered

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Example 5-5: Telephone Digits

Example 5-5 provides an example of a sentinel-controlled loop The program converts uppercase letters to their corresponding telephone digit

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Case 3: Flag-Controlled while Loops

A flag-controlled while loop uses a bool variable to control the loop The flag-controlled while loop takes the form:

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Number Guessing Game

Example 5-6 implements a number guessing game using a flag-controlled while loop The program uses the function rand of the header file cstdlib to generate a random number
rand() returns an int value between 0 and 32767 To convert it to an integer greater than or equal to 0 and less than 100:
rand() % 100

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Case 4: EOF-Controlled while Loops

Use an EOF (End Of File)-controlled while loop The logical value returned by cin can determine if the program has ended input

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eof Function
The function eof can determine the end of file status eof is a member of data type istream
Like other I/O functions

The syntax for the function eof is: where istreamVar is an input stream variable, such as cin
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More on Expressions in while Statements

The expression in a while statement can be complex
For example:
while ((noOfGuesses < 5) && (!isGuessed)) {

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Programming Example: Fibonacci Number

Consider the following sequence of numbers:
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ....

Given the first two numbers of the sequence (say, a1 and a2)
nth number an, n >= 3, of this sequence is given by: an = an-1 + an-2

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Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (cont'd.)

Fibonacci sequence
nth Fibonacci number a2 = 1 a1 = 1 Determine the nth number, an, n >= 3

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Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (cont'd.)

Suppose a2 = 6 and a1 = 3
a3 = a2 + a1 = 6 + 3 = 9; a4 = a3 + a2 = 9 + 6 = 15

Write a program that determines the nth Fibonacci number

Given the first two numbers

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Programming Example: Input and Output

Input: first two Fibonacci numbers and the desired Fibonacci number Output: nth Fibonacci number

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Programming Example: Problem Analysis and Algorithm Design

Algorithm:
Get the first two Fibonacci numbers Get the desired Fibonacci number
Get the position, n, of the Fibonacci number in the sequence

Calculate the next Fibonacci number

By adding the previous two elements of the Fibonacci sequence

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Programming Example: Problem Analysis and Algorithm Design (cont'd.)

Repeat Step 3 until the nth Fibonacci number is found Output the nth Fibonacci number

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Programming Example: Variables

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Programming Example: Main Algorithm

1. Prompt the user for the first two numbers that is, previous1 and previous2 2. Read (input) the first two numbers into previous1 and previous2 3. Output the first two Fibonacci numbers 4. Prompt the user for the position of the desired Fibonacci number 5. Read the position of the desired Fibonacci number into nthFibonacci
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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (cont'd.)

6.
a. if (nthFibonacci == 1) The desired Fibonacci number is the first Fibonacci number. Copy the value of previous1 into current b. else if (nthFibonacci == 2) The desired Fibonacci number is the second Fibonacci number. Copy the value of previous2 into current.
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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (cont'd.)

6. (contd.)
c. else calculate the desired Fibonacci number as follows:
Start by determining the third Fibonacci number Initialize counter to 3 to keep track of the calculated Fibonacci numbers. Calculate the next Fibonacci number, as follows: current = previous2 + previous1;

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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (cont'd.)

6.
c. (contd.)
Assign the value of previous2 to previous1 Assign the value of current to previous2 Increment counter Repeat until Fibonacci number is calculated:
while (counter <= nthFibonacci) { current = previous2 + previous1; previous1 = previous2; previous2 = current; counter++; }

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Programming Example: Main Algorithm (cont'd.)

7. Output the nthFibonacci number, which is current

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for Looping (Repetition) Structure

The general form of the for statement is:
The initial statement, loop condition, and update statement are called for loop control statements
initial statement usually initializes a variable (called the for loop control, or for indexed, variable)

In C++, for is a reserved word

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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont'd.)

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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont'd.)

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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont'd.)

C++ allows you to use fractional values for loop control variables of the double type
Results may differ

The following is a semantic error:

The following is a legal for loop:

for (;;) cout << "Hello" << endl;
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for Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont'd.)

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dowhile Looping (Repetition) Structure

General form of a do...while: The statement executes first, and then the expression is evaluated To avoid an infinite loop, body must contain a statement that makes the expression false The statement can be simple or compound Loop always iterates at least once
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dowhile Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont'd.)

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dowhile Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont'd.)

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dowhile Looping (Repetition) Structure (cont'd.)

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Example 5-20: Divisibility Test by 3 and 9

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Choosing the Right Looping Structure

All three loops have their place in C++
If you know or can determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, the for loop is the correct choice If you do not know and cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, and it could be zero, use a while loop If you do not know and cannot determine in advance the number of repetitions needed, and it is at least one, use a do...while loop
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break and continue Statements

break and continue alter the flow of control break statement is used for two purposes:
To exit early from a loop
Can eliminate the use of certain (flag) variables

To skip the remainder of the switch structure

After the break statement executes, the program continues with the first statement after the structure
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break and continue Statements

(cont'd.)
continue is used in while, for, and dowhile structures
When executed in a loop
It skips remaining statements and proceeds with the next iteration of the loop

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Nested Control Structures

To create the following pattern:
* ** *** **** *****

We can use the following code:

for (i = 1; i <= 5 ; i++) { for (j = 1; j <= i; j++) cout << "*"; cout << endl; }
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Nested Control Structures (cont'd.)

What is the result if we replace the first for statement with the following?
for (i = 5; i >= 1; i--)

Answer:
***** **** *** ** *

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Avoiding Bugs by Avoiding Patches

Software patch
Piece of code written on top of an existing piece of code Intended to fix a bug in the original code

Some programmers address the symptom of the problem by adding a software patch Should instead resolve underlying issue

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Debugging Loops
Loops are harder to debug than sequence and selection structures Use loop invariant
Set of statements that remains true each time the loop body is executed

Most common error associated with loops is off-by-one

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Summary
C++ has three looping (repetition) structures:
while, for, and dowhile

while, for, and do are reserved words while and for loops are called pretest loops do...while loop is called a posttest loop while and for may not execute at all, but do...while always executes at least once
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Summary (cont'd.)
while: expression is the decision maker, and the statement is the body of the loop A while loop can be:
Counter-controlled Sentinel-controlled EOF-controlled

In the Windows console environment, the end-of-file marker is entered using Ctrl+z
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Summary (cont'd.)
for loop: simplifies the writing of a counter-controlled while loop
Putting a semicolon at the end of the for loop is a semantic error

Executing a break statement in the body of a loop immediately terminates the loop Executing a continue statement in the body of a loop skips to the next iteration
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