Dr.
Supreet Singh Nayyar, AFMC
2011
Cholesteatoma
Definition
(Part I)
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Cholesteatoma is a three dimensional epidermal and connective tissue structure, usually in the form of a sac and frequently conforming to the architecture of the various spaces of the middle ear, attic, and mastoid. This structure has the capacity for progressive and independent growth at the expense of underlying bone, displacing or replacing the middle ear mucosa, and has a tendency to recur after removal
- Abramson
(Cholesteatoma First International Conference, Birmingham, 1977)
Theories of cholesteatoma
(OCNA 2006)
Middle ear cholesteatoma occurs as two principle different entities o Congenital o Acquired Primary acquired or attic retraction pocket cholesteatoma Secondary acquired cholesteatoma Occurs secondary to epithelial migration into the middle ear at the site of a tympanic membrane perforation or iatrogenically implanted during an otologic procedure Primary acquired cholesteatoma Four predominant theories Invagination (whitmacks) Basal cell hyperplasia or papillary ingrowth (Reudi) Metaplasia (Sade) Epithelial invasion The invagination theory is currently regarded as one of the primary mechanism of the formation of primary acquired attic cholesteatoma
1 www.nayyarENT.com
Dr. Supreet Singh Nayyar, AFMC
2011
Dysfunctional eustachian tube
Impaired ventilation in middle ear
structural weakening of the tympanic membrane
development of retraction pockets
pars flaccida, having the weaker structural support, is the most common site of formation of a retraction pocket
progressive retraction --> geometrical changes due to narrowing of anatomic passages --> impairment of epithelial migration and cleaning of keratin debris
pocket deepens and insinuates between mucosal folds and crevices--> becomes nonself cleaning --> accumulation of keratin debris
2 www.nayyarENT.com
Dr. Supreet Singh Nayyar, AFMC
2011
Bacterial proliferation and super-infection of accumulated debris
amorphous polysaccharide matrix by bacteria--> biofilm
cytokine mediated inflammatory response --> epithelial proliferation
local release of collagenases
breaks in the basement membrane --> formation of epithelial cones
grow toward stroma (papillary ingrowth theory)
microcholesteatoma (hallmark of precholesteatomatous stage )
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Dr. Supreet Singh Nayyar, AFMC
2011
microcones expand and fuse together
attic cholesteatoma
expand by invading into surrounding middle ear soft tissue structures and bone
calgranulin A, calgranulin B, psoriasin, thymosin beta -10 -->involved in cell proliferation
cathepsin C, cathepsin D, cathepsin H, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 [MMP-9]) -->involved in cell invasion
Cathepsin B, IL 1& 8, TNF , nitric oxide->osteoclastic activity & osteolysis
TNF, Caspase- 8 activation -->involved in apoptosis-->increased cell death ->production of larger amount of keratin debris -->further expansion and keratin accumulation
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Dr. Supreet Singh Nayyar, AFMC
2011
Some other related factors o cytokeratin Indicates epithelial migration & spread of cholesteatoma o P53 attempt by body to down regulate growth o Young age aggressiveness (due to higher proliferation index) e.g.
o o o o children calgranulin A, calgranulin B, psoriasin, thymosin beta -10 involved in cell proliferation cathepsin C, cathepsin D, cathepsin H, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 [MMP-9]) involved in cell invasion Cathepsin B involved in osteolysis Caspase- 8 activation, TNF involved in apoptosis increased keratinocyte proliferation is coupled with an increased cell death resulting in the production of larger amount of keratin debris responsible for the expansion and keratin accumulation seen in cholesteatoma
Secondary acquired cholesteatoma
Theories o Migration of tympanic membrane epidermis into the middle ear at the site of a marginal perforation (Bezold) o Implantation of viable keratinocytes into the middle ear cleft During a blast injury to the tympanic membrane leaving keratinocytes behind a healed perforation At site of a temporal bone fracture Result of an iatrogenic introduction of these cells Stapedectomy, Tympanoplasty Grommet insertion o Increased incidence in Age <5 yrs Goodle T-tubes Frequent reinsertions Duration of placement exceeding 12 months Ears with history of frequent postoperative otorrhea
5 www.nayyarENT.com
Dr. Supreet Singh Nayyar, AFMC
2011
o Possible mechanisms Prosthesis extrusion independent of eustachian tube dysfunction Inadvertent implantation of keratinocytes with the oval window fat graft Malpositioned inverted tympanomeatal flap Migration at site of a marginal tympanic membrane perforation Middle ear exploration
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