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Support from

Autonomous Maintenance (Jishu Hozen)

for Breakdown Elimination Conference on Maintenance Practices through TPM to achieve ZERO Breakdown
4 August 2010: NSIC Exhibition Complex, New Delhi

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Why Breakdown?

Its only due to Deterioration.

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Concept of Equipment Breakdown

Stress and Strength Model
Design Strength

Strength analysis

Deterioration of strength Margin of safety Failure (overlapping area)

Equipment deterioration

Stress and strength t=0 Stress distribution

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Even if Preventive Maintenance is Implemented thoroughly

then Why Breakdown?

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Concept of Deterioration

Performance

How to detect it How to set the limit for PM

100%

Natural Deterioration Forced Deterioration

Failure

Difference depending on characteristics of parts Difference depending on use conditions of parts

Time series
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Forced Deterioration Happens Only If

1. Basic Conditions/ Requirements are not Fulfilled 2. Basic Rules are not Followed

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8 OPTIMAL CONDITION OF EQUIPMENT

Phase Design Assembly MATERIAL & STRENGTH OF PARTS GEOMETRY & SIZE OF PARTS SHAPE & SIZE OF EQUIPMENT ASSEMBLY

Installation INSTALLATION FUNCTION Usage OPERATION ENVIRONMENT

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ZERO BREAKDOWN STRATEGY

Natural Deterioration Planned Maintenance
Extend Life Time
Corrective Maintenance Prevent breakdown by improving TBM Improve part life by doing corrective maintenance & Repair Quality Improve safety & Reliability

Forced Deterioration Autonomous Maintenance

Eliminate Causes
Establish Basic Condition Cleaning : Eliminate all dust & Dirt Lubricating : Keep lubricants clean and replenished Tightening : Keep bolts tight Inspection: Required parameters

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JISHU HOZEN
JISHU => AUTONOMOUS => SELF CONTROLLED HOZEN => MAINTENANCE => SUSTAINANCE FOCUS IS TOWARDS ?? OPERATOR ? OR BOTH ? EQUIPMENT ?

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Concept of Jishu-Hozen
Change in concept Defects and failures are the shame of the Production shop Effect Zero defects and failures are realized

Step 0 Motivation

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Effect Change equipment Reduced defects and failures

Step 4 Step 5 Operators Change

Step 6 Step 7 Production shop changes

Change in activities Positive challenge for KAIZEN. Thoroughness of maintenance and management

Think and act

Rectify Fuguai

Process of actions is headspring of motives

Why does forced deterioration occur ? Needs of Jishu-Hozen

Cleaning is inspection Inspection is a step to find Fuguai Fuguai should and could be restored or improved

Enhance ability to find and improve Fuguai

Restoration and KAIZEN are a kind of success. Success is a pleasure as a result of achievement (Unless success can be expected, the operators will not change their mind.)

Bottom up from circle activities Autonomous KAIZEN By operators

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How to Implement JH?

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Motivation = Motive + Action Think & act process Forced deterioration Understanding Equipment Simple illustration of Equipment Safety

Knowledge & Skill Needed for Step-1 Meetings Circle Members & Leaders

Explain the motive of Autonomous Maintenance and its benefits to operators. Explain that maintaining Basic Conditions is operators duty, Why & How. Explain the possible troubles that can occur due to forced deterioration. Sketching the Equipment Structure, labeled properly Identifying equipment mechanism Understanding the types of possible troubles Explain the safety measures to be taken before going to machine (i.e.switching off main power, sharp edges) Detail knowledge of Abnormalities. Methods for cleaning skillfully and finding out abnormalities & defects in equipment through cleaning. Purpose, type, quantity & method of lubrication Purpose, method & tools needed for Retightening Weekly meeting of circle members & circle leaders.

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Examples of Steps for Evolving Autonomous Maintenance

Step 1 Name Initial clean-up All-around clean-up of dust and dirt, centering on equipment proper, and implementation of lubrication, and machine parts adjustment; discovery and repair of malfunctions in equipment

Countermeasures against Prevent causes of dust and dirt and scattering, improve places which are causes of Forced difficult to clean and lubricate and reduce the time required for clean-up and Deterioration lubrication. and Hard to Access areas Formulation of clean-up and Formulate behavioral standards so that it is possible to steadily sustain cleanlubrication standards up, lubrication and machine parts adjustment in a short period (Necessary to indicate a time frame-work that can be used daily or periodically).

Overall inspection

Training in check-up skills through check-up manuals; exposure and restoration of minor equipment defects through overall check-ups

5 6

Autonomous check-up Orderliness and tidiness

Formulation and implementation of autonomous check-up sheets Standardize various types of on-the job management items and devise complete systematization of up-keep management. Standards for clean-up, check-ups and lubrication Standards for physical distribution in the workplace Standardization of data records Standardization of die management, jigs and tools

All-out management

autonomous Development of corporate policies and goals, and making improvement activities routine : Steadily record MTBF analysis, analyze these, and carry out equipment improvements

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The purpose of initial cleaning 1. Equipment

The actual cleaning and finding out abnormalities & rectifying them makes the equipment healthy to achieve zero failure & defect.

2. Operator
The small work groups are able to join together in accomplishing a common goal, cleaning of a particular equipment to find out and correct the abnormality makes operator proficient (i.e. professionally efficient)

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HOW TO PROCEED WITH STEP 1 Activities on the Equipment

The Leader should give Safety Instructions. Open the Covers for Cleaning (dont dismantle the machine). Distribute the different areas of equipment among different team members. Clean the most contaminated area first Clean top to bottom and inside to outside of whole equipment including chronically hidden and neglected areas. Take special care of critical parts of equipment and loose and missed Nuts & Bolts. Keep all Five senses present and perform cleaning as inspection. Remember that it is your machine and cleaning is done to find out abnormalities. Each member to must participate in cleaning and finding out abnormalities in their area. While cleaning keep the theme and target in your mind. ( i.e. Wet to dry, Zero breakdowns and Zero defects ) Put white tags for the abnormalities you can rectify. Put pink or red tags for the abnormalities where experts support is needed. Restore abnormalities on the spot whichever are possible.
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HOW TO PROCEED WITH STEP 1 Activities after cleaning of Equipment

After cleaning session, all the team members must sit together to complete following activities Compile the tags in Tag matrix. Write down the action plan to remove the tags in 5W & 1H sheet. Clearly mention the effect of each abnormality if it is not rectified. Use Why - why analysis if needed to find out root cause. Make a cleaning schedule to regularly maintain the cleanliness achieved and find out more abnormalities. Plan few Kaizens to make Cleaning easy. The corrective measures must be taken according to the plan. The One point lesson sheet must be made as and when required and it should be kept in record after training all members. Audit of Step 1 to be conducted.
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White tags for operators

Red Tags to be attended by Maint.

Equipment Name Control No.. Date of detection. Detected by.. Description of Minor defects . .. .

Equipment Name Control No.. Date of detection. Detected by.. Description of Minor defects . .. .

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Table 4-6. Sample Manual on Exposing Seven Types of Abnormality

Abnormality 1.Minor Flaws
Contamination Damage Play Slackness Abnormal phenomena Adhesion Dust, dirt, powder, oil, grease, rust, paint Cracking, crushing, deformation, chipping, bending Shaking, falling out, tilting, eccentricity, wear, distortion, corrosion Belts, chains Unusual noise, overheating, vibration, strange smells, discoloration, incorrect pressure or current Blocking, hardening, accumulation of debris, peeling, malfunction

Examples

2.Unfulfilled Basic conditions

Lubrication Lubricant supply Oil level gauges Tightening

Insufficient, dirty, unidentified, unsuitable, or leaking lubricant Dirty, damaged, or deformed lubricant inlets, faulty lubricant pipes Dirty, damaged, leaking; no indication of correct level Nuts and bolts; slackness, missing, cross-threaded, too long, crushed, corroded. Washer unsuitable, wing nuts on backward Machine construction, covers, layout, footholds, space Covers, construction, layout, instrument position and orientation, operating-range display Position of lubricant inlet, construction, height footholds, lubricant outlet, space Covers, construction, layout, size, footholds, space Machine layout; position of valves, switches, and levers; footholds Position of pressure gauges, thermometers, flowmeters, moisture gauges, vacuum gauges, etc.

3.Inaccessible Places
Cleaning Checking Lubricating Tightening Operation Adjustment Product Raw materials Lubricants Gases Liquids

4.Contamination Sources
Leaks, spills, spurts, scatter, overflow Leaks, spills, spurts, scatter, overflow Leaking, spilt, and seeping lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, fuel oil, etc. Leaking compressed air, gases, steam, vapors, exhaust fumes, etc. Leaking, spilt and spurting cold water, hot water, half-finished products, cooling water waste water, etc. Flashes, cuttings, packaging materials,and nonconforming product Contaminants brought in by people, fork-lift trucks, etc. and infiltrating through cracks in buildings

Scrap Other

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Table 4-6. Sample Manual on Exposing Seven Types of Abnormality

Abnormality 5.Quality Defect Sources
Foreign matter Shock Moisture Grain size Concentration viscosity Inclusion, infiltration, and entrainment of rust, chips, wire scraps, insects, etc. Dropping, jolting, collision, vibration Too much, too little, infiltration, defective elimination Abnormalities in screens, centrifugal separators, compressed-air separators, etc. Inadequate warning, heating, compounding, mixing, evaporation, stirring, etc. Inadequate warning, heating, compounding, mixing, evaporation, stirring, etc.

Examples

6.Unnecessary and Non-urgent Items

Machinery Piping equipment Measuring instrument Electrical equipment Jigs and tools Spare parts Makeshift repairs Pumps, fans, compressors, columns, tanks, etc. Pipes, hoses, ducts, valves, dampers, etc. Temperatures, pressure gauges, vacuum gauges, ammeters, etc. Wiring, piping, power leads,switches, plugs, etc. General tools, cutting tools, jigs, molds, dies, frames, etc. Standby equipment, spares, permanent stocks, auxiliary materials, etc. Tape, string, wire, metal plates, etc.

7.Unsafe Places
Floors Steps Lights Rotating machinery Lifting gear Other Unevenness, ramps, projections, cracking, peeling, wear (steel deckplates) Too steep, irregular, peeling anti-slip covering, corrosion, missing handrails Dim,out of position, dirty or broken covers, not properly explosion-proofed Displaced, fallen off or broken covers, no safety or emergency stop devices Wires, hooks, brakes, and other parts of cranes and hoists Special substances, solvents, toxic gases, insulating materials, danger signs, protective clothing, etc.

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Table 4-3. (1) Checkpoints for Nuts and Bolts

Slight Defects Bolts Lengths Washers Are any nuts or bolts loose? Are any nuts or bolts missing? Do all bolts protrude from nuts by 2-3 thread lengths? Are flat washers used on long holes? Are tapered washers used on angle bars and channels? Are spring washers used where parts are subject to vibration? Are identical washers used on identical parts? Are bolts inserted from below, and are nuts visible from the outside? Are devices such as limit switches secured by at least two bolts? Are wing nuts on the right way around?

Attachment of Nuts and Bolts

Table 4.3 (2) Lubrication Checkpoints

Lubricant Storage Are lubricant stores always kept clean, tidy, and well-organized by thorough application of the 5S principles? Are lubricant containers always capped? Are lubricant types clearly indicated and is proper stock control practiced? Are grease nipples, speed-reducer lubricant ports, and other lubricant inlets always kept clean? Are lubricant inlets dust proofed? Are lubricant inlets labeled with the correct type and quantity of lubricant? Are oil-level gauges and lubricators always kept clean, and are oil levels easy to see? Is the correct oil level clearly marked? Is equipment free of oil leaks, and are oil pipes breathers and obstructed? Are automatic lubricating devices operating correctly and supplying the right amount of lubricant? Are any oil or grease pipes blocked, crushed or spilt? Are rotating parts, sliding parts, and transmissions (e.g. chains) always clean and well-oiled? Are the surroundings free of contamination by excess lubricant?

Lubricant Inlets

Oil-level Gauges

Automatic Lubricating Devices

Lubrication Condition

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Table 4-3 (3) Transmission System Checkpoints

V-belts and Pulleys

Are any belts cracked, swollen, worn, or contaminated by oil or grease? Are any belts twisted or missing? Are any belts stretched or slack? Are multiple belts under uniform tension and all of the same type? Are top surfaces of belts protruding above the pulley rims? Are the bottoms of any pulley grooves shiny (indicating a worn belt or pulley)? Are pulleys correctly aligned? Are any chains stretched (indicating worn pins or bushings)? Are any sprocket teeth worn, missing, or damaged? Is lubrication between pins and bushings sufficient? Are sprockets correctly aligned? Is there any overheating, vibration, or abnormal noise due to excessive play or poor lubrication? Are any keys or set bolts loose or missing? Are any couplings misaligned or wobbly? Are any coupling seals worn? Are any bolts slack? Are gears properly lubricated with the right amount of lubricant? Are the surroundings clean? Are any teeth worn, missing, damaged, or jammed? Is there any unusual noise or vibration?

Roller Chains

Shafts, Bearings, and Couplings

Gears

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Table 4-3 (4) Hydraulic Checkpoints

Hydraulic Units

Is the correct quantity of fluid in hydraulic reservoirs, and is the correct level indicated? Is fluid at the correct temperature? Are the maximum and minimum permissible temperatures indicated? Is fluid cloudy (indicating air entrainment) Are all fluid inlets and strainers clean? Are any suction filters blocked? Are any fluid reservoir breather filters blocked? Are all fluid pumps operating normally without any unusual noise or vibration? Are hydraulic pressures correct, and are operating ranges clearly displayed? Is any fluid or water leaking from fluid coolers or pipes? Are temperature differences between fluid and water inlets and outlets correct? Are any tubes blocked? Are there any fluid leaks? Are hydraulic devices properly secured without any makeshift fastenings? Are hydraulic devices operating correctly without speed losses or breathing? Are hydraulic pressures correct, and are all pressure gauges working correctly (zero points, deflection)? Are all pipes and hoses securely attached? Are there any fluid leaks? Are any hoses cracked or damaged? Are all valves operating correctly? It is easy to see whether valves are open or shut? Are any pipes, wirers, or valves unnecessary?

Heat Exchangers

Hydraulic Equipment

Piping and Wiring

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Table 4-3 (5). Pneumatic Checkpoints

FRLs

Are FRLs always kept claen? Is it easy to see inside them? Are they fitted the right way around? Is there sufficient oil, and are the drains clear? Is the oil drip rate correct (approximately 1 drop for every 10 strokes)? Are FLRs installed no more than 3m from the pneumatic equipment? Are pressures adjusted to the correct value and are operating ranges clearly indicated? Is any compressed air leaking from pneumatic cylinders or solenoid valves? Are all pneumatic cylinders and solenoid valves firmly attached? Are any makeshift fixings in use (wire, adhesive tape, etc.)? Are any pistons dirty, worn, or damaged? Are speed controllers installed the right way around? Is there any abnormal noise or overheating of solenoid valves, and are any lead wires chafed or trailing? Are there any places in pneumatic pipes or hoses where fluid is liable to collect? Are all pipes and hoses clipped firmly into place? Are there any compressed-air leaks? Are any hoses cracked or damaged? Are all valves operating correctly? Is it easy to see whether valves are open or closed? Are any pipes, wires, or valves unnecessary?

Pneumatic Equipment

Piping and Wiring

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Table 4-3 (6). Electrical Checkpoints

Control Panels Are the interiors of distribution boards, switchboards, and control panels kept clean, tidy, and well-organized by the application of the 5S principles? Have any extraneous objects or flammable materials been left inside? Is the wiring inside control panels in good condition? Are any wires coiled or trailing? Are all ammeters and voltmeters operating correctly and clearly marked? Are any instruments or display lamps broken? Are any bulbs faulty? Are any switched broken? Do all switches work correctly? Are control panel doors in good condition? Do they open and close easily? Are there any unused holes? Are control panels waterproof and dustproof? Are all motors free of overheating, vibration, and unusual noise and smells? Are all motor cooling fans and fins clean? Are any attachment bolts loose? Are pedestals free of cracks and other damage? Are all limit switches clean and free of excessive play? Are the interiors of all limit switches clean? Are any wires trailing? Are all covers in good condition? Are any limit switches incorrectly installed? Are any limit switch dogs worn, deformed, or the wrong shape? Are all photoelectric switches and proximity switches clean and free of excessive play? Are any sensors out of position? Are correct positions clearly indicated? Are all lead wires unchafed, and is insulation intact at entry points? Are all manual switches clean, undamaged, and free of excessive play? Are all switches installed in the correct position? Are emergency stop switches installed in appropriate locations, and are they working correctly? Are any pipes, wires, or power leads loose or unsecured? Are any ground wires damaged or disconnected? Are any pipes corroded or damaged? Are there any bare wires or wires with damaged insulation? Are any wires coiled on the floor or dangling overhead?

Electrical Equipment

Sensors

Switches

Piping and Wiring

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Table 4-3 (7) Checkpoints for General-Purpose Equipment

Pumps

Are pumps and their stands free of unusual noise, vibration, and play? Are pedestal bolts tight, corrosion-free, and undamaged? Are stands and pedestals free of corrosion, cracking, and other damage? Is any liquid leaking or spraying from gland packings? Is any liquid leaking or spraying from pipes or valves? Are any pipes or valves blocked? Are all pressure gauges, vacuum gauges, flowmeters, thermometers, and other measuring instruments working properly and marked with the correct operating ranges? Are starting current and operating current values are open or closed? Are all valves operating correctly? Is it easy to see whether valves are open or closed? Are fans and their stands free of unusual noise, vibration, and play? Are all pedestal bolts tight, corrosion-free, and undamaged? Are all stands and pedestals free of corrosion, cracking, and other damage? Are any gland packings leaking air or gas? Are any ducts or dampers leaking air or gas? Are any ducts blocked or clogged? Are all pressure gauges, vacuum gauges, flowmeters, thermometers, and other measuring instruments working properly and marked with the correct operating ranges? Are starting current and operating current values correct? Are these clearly indicated? Are all dampers operating correctly? Is it easy to see whether dampers are opened or closed?

Fans

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RESULTS & BENEFITS EXPECTED AFTER STEP 1

EQUIPMENT 1. CLEAN MACHINE
2. ZERO LEAKAGE 3. ZERO LOOSE NUTS & BOLTS 3. ALL ABNORMALITIES TO BE TAGGED 4. ALL WHITE TAGS TO BE REMOVED 5. TAG MATRIX AND ACTION PLAN FOR ALL TAGS MUST BE READY.

OPERATOR
1. ALL OPERATORS MUST UNDERSTAND THE PURPOSE OF AUTONOMOUS MAINTENANCE. 2. ALL MEMBERS MUST PARTICIPATE IN THE ACTIVITY.
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The Purpose of Step-2

1. Equipment Remove all abnormalities found in step 1 to eliminate forced deterioration to achieve zero failure & defect. Eliminate the sources of contamination. Implementation of Kaizen to make equipment easy to clean, lubricate, inspect & tighten bolts. Make the machine visual
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The Purpose of Step-2 2. Operator

Develop habit of analyzing and thinking to solve the problems (problem solving attitude). Develop habit of doing Kaizen for making C, L, I & T easy (sharpening their brain). Enjoy hand made taste (personal delight)
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HOW TO PROCEED WITH STEP 2

Activities
Understand the basics of cleaning.
Why to clean? How to stop or minimize cleaning? Measure cleaning time & implement Kaizen to reduce it. Implement Kaizen for hard - to - access areas to make them approachable. Prepare temporary standards and check sheet for cleaning, lubrication, inspection & tightening of bolts. Find out more abnormality during regular cleaning, lubrication, inspection & tightening of bolts activities and rectify them. Take before & after photographs Analyze all JH failure, and plan preventive activity, follow the plan of implementation of countermeasure & Kaizen and fill up corresponding Kaizen sheet or OPL. Audit to be conducted.

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Goals for Contamination Sources and Inaccessible Places

Preventing Leaks and Spills Prevent leaking, spilling, spraying, or scattering of: products lubricants hydraulic fluids powders vapors other process materials Improving Inaccessibility Improve accessibility of places that are hard to: clean check lubricate tighten operate adjust

GOAL: reduce the time it takes to clean, check, and lubricate

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RESULTS & BENEFITS EXPECTED AFTER STEP 2 EQUIPMENT 1. CLEAN & DRY MACHINE 2. LOCALIZED GUARDS AND VISUAL MACHINE 3. ZERO JH BREAKDOWN 4. ZERO JH DEFECT 5. HIGH AVAILABILITY & RELIABILITY OPERATOR 1. ANALYSING & PROBLEM SOLVING ATTITUDE AMONG THE MEMBERS 2. HABIT OF TAKING PREVENTIVE ACTION
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The Purpose of Step-3 Continuously Maintaining and Management of Basic equipment conditions, (i.e. Cleaning, Lubrication, Inspection & Tightening) Enhancing Equipment Reliability & Maintainability Preparing standards that can be followed easily Ideas for Visual Improvement

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STEP 3
STANDARDS FOR CLEANING, LUBRICATION, INSPECTION ,TIGHTENING & ADJUSTMENT STANDARDS ARE MADE BY OPERATORS THEMSELVES WITH GUIDENCE BY PM STANDARDS ARE MADE BY USING 5W +1H (WHERE,WHAT,WHICH,WHEN, WHOM+HOW) STANDARDS SHOULD BE EASILY UNDERSTOOD BY EVERY ONE INTRODUCE EXTENSIVE VISUAL CONTROLS
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HOW TO PROCEED WITH STEP 3

CLEANING LUBRICATION & INSPECTION STANDARDS
Cleaning activities : Lubrication activities : Inspection activities :

Sl. Route No. Reference

Criteria

Sub Assembly

Where

What

How

Responsibility Time (Who)

Remarks (Impact of overlooking)

Cleaning

Dual Ext. Steel belt Dust & dirt steel belt

20 Sec

Operator

Quality defect

Lubrication

Dual Ext. Driven roll EP-2 grease skiver bearing

30 Sec

Operator

Equipment failure

Inspection Head stock

Inside pull No damage out ring

5 Sec

Operator

UNSAFE

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JISHU-HOZEN CHECK SHEET

POINT NO. 3 HYDRAULIC TANK FRONT,LUB TANK,FRL AND WORK HEAD BACK MACHINE : C P BORING CELL : CONNECTING ROD
STND. VALUE 1

PLANT : ENGINE PLANT

MONTH : JANUARY

SL. NO

CHECK ITEM

10

11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1 1a 1b 1c 1d 2 2a 2b 2c 2d

HYDRAULIC TANK FRONT Outer body Pipe Joints Oil level indicator Oil pressure Gauge LUBRICATION TANK Tank outer body Level indicator El. Jn. Wiring Lub Pipe joints 3M
No Leak No dirt & dust btwn. Max & Min. No dirt & dust No Leak btwn. Max & Min. in Green Zone

Checked By : Sign. Of Supervisor REVISION NO.

1 4

LEGENDS - (

) - OK ,

) - NOT OK ,

) - NOT OK,RECTIFIED BY SELF ,

) - NOT OK, INFORMED SUPERVISOR , P

) - PLANNED.

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Initial Clean-up ( Cleaning is Inspection) ( Cleaning with meaning) (Doing with purpose) Taking countermeasure for forced deterioration and improving hard to access area Preparing tentative standards for cleaning and lubrication

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