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EEE 226: Signals and Systems Lecture Notes # 1

This document contains lecture notes on signals and systems from Dr. Aykut Hocanın. It discusses continuous and discrete time signals, signal energy and power, and transformations of the independent variable for signals. Specifically, it defines continuous and discrete time signals, provides equations for calculating signal energy and average power over finite and infinite time, and describes how time shifting, reversing, scaling, and advancing or delaying affects a signal.

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Femina Vijayaraj
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32 views

EEE 226: Signals and Systems Lecture Notes # 1

This document contains lecture notes on signals and systems from Dr. Aykut Hocanın. It discusses continuous and discrete time signals, signal energy and power, and transformations of the independent variable for signals. Specifically, it defines continuous and discrete time signals, provides equations for calculating signal energy and average power over finite and infinite time, and describes how time shifting, reversing, scaling, and advancing or delaying affects a signal.

Uploaded by

Femina Vijayaraj
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE 226: Signals and Systems Lecture Notes # 1

Dr. Aykut Hocann Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Eastern Mediterranean University March 11, 2002
Chapter 1 of the textbook.

Continuous and Discrete-Time Signals


Signals are represented mathematically as functions of one or more independent variables. In this course, we will consider signals of one independent variable. Continuous-Time (CT) signals are dened for a continuous independent variable. Discrete-Time (DT) signals are dened at discrete times. Examples of CT: speech signal, atmospheric pressure. Examples of DT: weekly stock market index, number of goals scored in one season.

Signal Energy and Power

The instantaneous power for given instantaneous voltage v(t) and current i(t) across a resistor R is given by p(t) = v(t)i(t) = 1 2 v (t). R (1)

The total energy expended over the time interval t1 t t2 is


t2 t1

p(t)dt =

t2 t1

1 2 v (t)dt. R

(2)

The average power over the time interval is 1 t2 t1


t2 t1

p(t)dt =

1 t2 t1

t2 t1

1 2 v (t)dt. R

(3)

For complex CT signals which are also dened over t1 t t2 is


t2 t1

|x(t)|2 dt 1

(4)

EEE 226 Signals and Systems

Dr. Aykut Hocann

and similarly for DT signals dened over n1 n n2


n=n2 n=n1

|x[n]|2

(5)

When we consider average energy over the innite time interval, i.e., for t + and n + the E is given by for CT: E = lim and for DT: E = lim
N T T T N N

|x(t)|2 dt

(6)

|x[n]]|2

(7)

The average Power over innite time P are as follows: P = lim and for DT: 1 T 2T
T T

|x(t)|2 dt

(8)

E = lim

N 1 |x[n]]|2 N 2N + 1 N

(9)

It is important to note that nite total energy signals E < must have zero average power P = 0 since P = lim E = 0. T 2T (10)

Similarly, if a signal has a nonzero nite average power P then the signal must have innite total energy E = .

Transformations of the Independent Variable


time shift time reversal time scaling

Given x(t + ), depending on the values of and we have

We will investigate x(t + ) given x(t) for dierent values of and . if || < 1, then linearly stretched signal if || > 1, then linearly compressed signal if < 0, then reversed in time if > 0, then time advance (the signal shifts left)

EEE 226 Signals and Systems

Dr. Aykut Hocann

if < 0, then time delay (the signal shifts right) An easy way to nd the signal as a result of the transformation of the independent variable, is to transform each point of the original signal: t + = t = (11)

As it can be seen from the previous equation, it is important to shift rst and then compress/stretch.

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