Space Time Codes For MIMO
Space Time Codes For MIMO
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
0
1
^
4
) , (
Diversity
gain
Eigenvalues of
matrix A
Rank(A)
Inner
product
Gd
c error
SNR G P
=
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
27
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Example 1 - A Time-Switched ST code
Only one antenna is active in each time slot
x
t
is transmitted
for antenna 1 at
time 2t
x
t
is transmitted
for antenna 2 at
time 2t+1.
R=1/2
Diversity gain = 2
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
28
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Example 2 - Repetition code
The same modulated symbols are transmitted from two
antennas
The repetition code has the same performance as a no
diversity scheme (1x1 system) !!
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
29
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
S-T Code Design criteria
The design criteria for slow Rayleigh fading channel
depend on the value of
The maximum possible value of is
The error probability at high SNR is dominated by the
minimum rank r of the matrix A over the all possible
codewords pairs
rnR
s
nR
r
i
i
N
E
x x P
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
0
1
^
4
) , (
rnR
rnR nR nT.
Maximize the minimum rank r of matrix A over all
pairs of distinct codewords
Maximize the minimum product of matrix A
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
i
i
1
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
30
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Space-Time Trellis Codes (STTC)
A stream of data is encoded via Nt convolutional
encoders to obtain N
t
streams x
1
x
nt
The design of STTC codes is a relatively hard problem.
Advantages
Coding gain !!
Similar Diversity gain than STBC
Disadvantages
Viterbi decoder.
The complexity of decoding algorithm grows exponentially
with the memory length of the trellis code.
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
31
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Space-Time Trellis Codes (STTC)
TX 2
TX 1
C C
C C
s(n)
x
1
(n)
x
2
(n)
Example
4-state STTC
Two transmit antennas
CC g
1
=[(0 2),(2 0)]
g
2
=[(0 1),(1 0)]
The encoder takes m=2 bits as its input at each
time.
Input Sequence c=(10, 01,11,00,01,)
Output sequence x=(02, 21,13,30,01,)
Antenna 1 x
1
=(0,2,1,3,0,)
Antenna 2 x
2
=(2,1,3,0,1,)
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
32
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Differential space time block codes
Channel acknowledge in the receiver is necessary for
STBC
Overhead
Channel estimation
Problems in high mobility channels
DSTBC eliminates the need for channel estimation
Very simple Maximum Likelihood decoding
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
33
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Differential space time block codes
S
2t
S
2t-1
2t-1
S
1
* - S
2
*
S
2t-1
* - S
2t
* 2t
S
2
S
1
Antenna 2 Antenna 1 Time
No information
At time 2t+1 a block of 2b bits B (2t+1) arrives at the encoder.
Using the mapping M computes S
2t+1
and S
2t+2
S
2t+1
* - S
2t+2
* 2t+2
S
2t+2
S
2t+1
2t+1
The process is inductively repeated until the end of the frame
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
34
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Differential space time block codes
Example
BPSK symbols
Mapping function M
(-1 0) M(1 1)
(0 1) M(1 0)
(0 -1) M(0 1)
(1 0) M(0 0)
0.707 0.707 2t
-0.707 0.707 2t-1
M
M(1 0)=(0 1)
A=0
B=1
0.707 0.707 2t+2
-0.707 0.707 2t+1
(S
2t+1
, S
2t+2
)=A (S
2t+1
, S
2t+2
)+B(S
2t
*,S
2t-1
*)
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
35
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Z
-2
I
Mapper
Differential encoder
Z
-2
I
Compute
closest
matrix to
A(t+2,t+3)
Inverse
Mapper
Differential decoder
Compute the matrix A that is
closest to Yin terms Euclidean
distance
Incoming
pairs of
bits
t+2, t+3
A
t+2,t+3
S
t,t+1
S
t+2,t+3
x
t+2,t+3
x
t,t+1
y
t+2,t+3
Estimate of
A
t+2,t+3
Estimate of
original pairs
of data bits
transmitted at
t+2 and t+3
[1]
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
36
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
DSTBC-Performance [6]
The DSTBC detection
scheme is 3 dB worse than
that of the transmit diversity
scheme of employs coherent
detection at high SNR.
BPSK 2 x 1 system
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
37
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Spatial Diversity coding for MIMO-OFDM [4]
The time index is replaced by the tone index in OFDM
Alamouti code requires that the channel remains constant
over consecutive symbols periods.
In OFDM context, the channel must remain constant over
consecutive tones.
Problems in frequency selective channels !!!
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
38
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Spatial Diversity coding for MIMO-OFDM
A
IFFT
IFFT
B
C
A
l
a
m
o
u
t
i
E
n
c
o
d
e
r
D
FFT
A
l
a
m
o
u
t
i
d
e
c
o
d
e
r
E
H[k]
2
s
2
H[k]
2
s
1
E
-h
1
s
2
*+h
2
s
1
* h
1
s
1
+h
2
s
2
D
S
1
*
s
2
C
-S
2
*
S
1
B
S
2
S
1
A
Tone K+1 Tone k
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
39
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Spatial Diversity coding for MIMO-OFDM
The receiver detected the transmitted symbols from the
received signals on the two tones using the Alamouti detection
technique.
The use of consecutive tones is not strictly necessary, any pair
of tones can be used as long as the associated channels are
equal.
The technique can be generalized over a large number of
antennas to extract spatial diversity using STBC The block
size is T N
T .
The channel must be identical over the T tones
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
40
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Conclusions
Alamouti code is the best option when 2 Transmission
antennas is considered.
Low complexity receiver is a good characteristic for
STBC
STTC provides coding gain. But Viterbi decoder
must be implemented in the receiver.
DSTBC can be considered in high mobility channels.
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
41
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
References
[1] Simon Haykin and Michael Moher, Modern Wireless Communications.
[2] B. Vucetic and J. Yuan, Space-Time Coding, John Wiley, 2003
[3] P. Stoica and E. Larson, Space-Time Block Coding for Wireless
Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2003
[4] A. Paulraj, R. Nabar, D. , Introduction to Space-Time Wireless
Communications, Cambridge University Press, 2003
[5] D. Gespert, et. Al. ,From theory to practice: An overview of MIMO Space-
Time Coded Wireless Systems, IEEE JSAC, Vol. 21, April 2003
[6] Tarokh, V.; Jafarkhani, H., A differential detection scheme for transmit
diversity, Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE JSAC ,Vol. 18 ,July 2000 .
[7] Tarokh, V.; Jafarkhani, H.; Calderbank, A.R.; Space-time block coding for
wireless communications: performance results, IEEE JSAC ,Vol. 17 , March
1999
1/31/2005
Fernando Gregorio
S72-333 Space time coding
42
HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Signal Processing Laboratory
SMARAD Centre of Excellence
Homework
Alamouti code dont provide coding gain .
Justify