IJCCET International Journal of Computer, Communication and Emerging Technology, Volume 1, Issue 1, April 2012

18 M an www.IJCCET.com us cri pt rec eiv ed #1 #2 #3 Ap Ajay Maurya, Raksha Nawal, Mangilal Sharma ril #1 22 [email protected], #[email protected], #[email protected] , 20 Abstract- In the past half century, a significant environments, to edge closer toward achieving the grand 12 advancement occurs in the field of information and vision of computing. These new computing paradigms. are communication technology, with this advancement the cluster computing, Grid computing, P2P computing, service computing would be the fifth utility of our daily life after computing, market-oriented computing, and most recently water, electricity, gas and telephone. To achieve this Cloud computing. All these paradigms promise to provide target many number of computer paradigms are certain attributes or capabilities in order to realize the developed. The cloud computing is latest one. For possibly 1 trillion dollars worth of the utility/pervasive computing industry according Sun Microsystems co-founder delivering the vision of cloud computing, this paper Bill Joy [2]. Of all these computing paradigms, the two most lightly explains the methodology, implementation, issues promising ones appear to be Grid computing and Cloud of this technology and after this we would summarize computing [3]. A computing service required to be highly what is happening in current scenario by using cloud scalable, reliable and autonomic to support ubiquitous computing. Furthermore, we would pay much attention access, dynamic discovery and compos-ability. In particular, on future aspects like how we make it secure, fast, real- consumers can determine the required service level through time access and what add-on make it more productive. Quality of Service (Quos) parameters and Service Level We would propose some possibilities of enhancing Agreements (SLAs). performance on cloud environments. Finally, we In this paper our goal is to clarify things related to cloud conclude the need for convergence of competing IT computing with tries to answer the following questions in paradigms to deliver our vision. different sections: Section 1: Introduction of this paper Keywords- Cloud Computing, fifth Utility, Computing, Section 2: What is Cloud Computing and how it is Virtualization, latest computing paradigm structured? Section 3: What is its methodology and how to be implemented? I. INTRODUCTION Section 4: Which are current issues related to this The Fifth Generation of Computing (after Mainframe, technology? Personal Computer, Client-Server Computing, and the web) Section 5: What is the present scenario in market for is the Cloud Computing. The Computing is the systematic cloud computing? study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform Section 6: What changes should be made to design of information: their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, the future applications software, infrastructure implementation, and application [1]. software, and hardware? The term "computing" is synonymous of counting and Section 7: conclusion and future directions. calculating. Wikipedia definition is: Cloud computing is

Future Advancement In Cloud Computing

Internet-based computing, whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices on-demand, like the electricity grid. Firstly, in 1960, when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility a smell of a big advanced technology spread in world. With digital Internet became widely used in the second half of the 1990s ask any web developer, solution architect or anyone involved in web application development in any capacity: Which symbol do you use to represent Internet on numerous white-board meetings? Obviously the most widely used metaphor for Internet was/is cloud. Cloud computing has derived its name from the same line of thinking. With the turn of the 21st century, the term "cloud computing" began to appear more widely used. There, are many new computing paradigms have been developed and adopted, with the emergence of technological advances such as multi-core processors and networked computing
Manuscript received April 01, 2012.

II. CLOUD COMPUTING CONCEPT Cloud computing is way of computing in which resources, software, platforms etc are provided to the users on request over the world wide network. The cloud computing term is refer the a service oriented architecture, reduced information technology overhead for the end-user, great flexibility, reduced total cost of ownership, on-demand services and many other things[4]. Thus, Cloud computing provides delivery of applications via the internet, which are accessed from web browsers and desktop and mobile apps, while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. A. Cloud Computing Needs Cloud Computing is care of the computing needs [5]: 1) Dynamism: Lets suppose our business is growing exponentially. Our computing need & usage is getting bigger with every passing day. Would we add servers & other hardware to meet the new demand? Thats where Cloud

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Computing comes to our rescue! And we just need to configure & our provider will take care of fluctuating demand. There is dynamism. 2) Abstraction: From an end users perspective, we dont require to care for the OS, the plug-ins, web security or the software platform. Everything should be in place without any worry. This is due to abstraction. 3) Resource Sharing: Cloud Computing has a beauty of Resource Sharing. This is the concept which helps the cloud providers to manage optimum utilization of resources. For example a company dealing in gifts may require more server resources during festive season. A company dealing in Payroll management may require more resources during the end or beginning of the month. Then this is best option. B. Service Delivery Models There are a number of service offerings and implementation models under the cloud computing umbrella. The NIST definition of cloud computing defines three delivery models:1. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) 2. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) 3. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) [6] 1) SaaS: There a customer uses an application but does not control the operating system, hardware or network infrastructure on which it's executing/running. 2) PaaS: The platform is typically an application framework. In this the customer uses a hosting environment for their applications. The customer controls the applications that run in the environment and there is possibly has some control over the hosting environment, but does not control the operating system, hardware or network infrastructure on which they are running. 3) IaaS: The customer uses fundamental computing resources such as processing power, storage, networking components or middleware. The customer can control the operating system, storage, deployed applications and possibly networking components such as firewalls and load balancers. There are also some delivery models as requirement like Data as a Service (Daas), Application Components as a Service (CaaS) and Virtual Infrastructure as a Service (VaaS) [5][7]. C. Service Deployment Models The National Institute of standards and technology (NIST) definition defines four deployment models: Private cloud, Community cloud, Public cloud and Hybrid cloud [8]. 1) Private Cloud: this cloud infrastructure exclusively used by a single organisation with multiple business units. It may be managed, operated and owned by the organisation or a third party or some combination of them. 2) Community Cloud: This cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations. It supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations) [8]. It may be owned, managed, and operated by one or more of the

19 M an us cri organizations in the community, a third party, or some pt combination of them. rec 3) Public Cloud: This cloud infrastructure is available to eiv the general public or a large industry group and it may be ed owned, managed, and operated by a business, academic, or Ap government organization, or some combination of them. ril 22 4) Hybrid cloud: it is the combination of two or more , clouds (public, private or community). It is remain a unique 20 entity but is bound together. 12 . D. Cloud Actors Studying infrastructure of cloud computing we purpose that the various players/actors in the market can be differentiated into the following three categories: 1) Cloud Providers: They provide one or more of the cloud models (i.e., IaaS, PaaS or SaaS) as a service. 2) Cloud Enablers: They frame the technology or have adapted existing technology to support cloud computing. Its Latest example is Oracle's partnership with Amazon to add Oracle 11g database support (technology and licensing) to Amazon's existing EC2 service. 3) Service Users: They are uses cloud models. E. Services offered by cloud There are many services that can be delivered using cloud computing, through advantage of the distributed cloud model. Some of them followings1) Hosted Desktops: A hosted desktop behave and looks like a regular desktop PC, but the software and data customers use are housed in remote, highly secure data centres, rather than on their own machines. 2) Hosted Email: Emails is stored centrally on managed servers, providing redundancy and fast connectivity from any location. This allows users to access their email, calendar, contacts and shared files by a variety of means. 3) Voice over IP (Hosted Telephony): Is a means of carrying phone calls and services across digital internet networks. 4) Cloud Storage: It is the delivery of data storage as a service, from a third party provider, with access via the internet and billing calculated on capacity used in a certain period 5) Dynamic Servers: A provider like ThinkGrid gives its customer access to resources that look and feel exactly like a dedicated server, but that are fully scalable [9]. F. Comparison to another computing ways For a clear understanding of what exactly is Cloud computing, we compare Cloud computing with two other recent, widely-adopted or explored computing paradigms: Cluster Computing and Grid Computing. A cluster is a type of parallel and distributed system, which consists of a collection of inter-connected stand-alone computers working together as a single integrated computing resource. [10] A Grid is a type of parallel and distributed system that enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of

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geographically distributed autonomous resources dynamically at runtime depending on their availability, capability, performance, cost, and users' quality-of-service requirements.[10] At a cursory view, Clouds appear to be a combination of clusters and Grids. Lets see the web search trend, The web search popularity, as measured by the Google search trends during the current year 2011, for terms cluster computing, Grid computing, and Cloud computing is shown in Figure 1.

20 M an us cri will determine the key objective of moving [11] to the cloud pt and addressing the key areas like security and privacy, technical, business and customer impact, economics, rec and eiv governance and policy. ed 2) Define a Cloud Strategy: The organisation document Ap a complete understanding of each entity of architecture.ril We examine the required user services, processing of services, 22 software standards; integrated software for each entity ,and information security. 20 12 3) Create an Implementation Plan: Identifying of . roles and responsibilities, Work Breakdown Structure, risk plan, dependencies, control mechanism, operating models is done in this step to implement cloud strategy successfully. After completing Phase 1, the organization will have fully analyzed its options, identified all requirements, thoroughly assessed short-term and long-term costs and benefits, gained executive governance approval, and socialized the solution with stakeholders (including oversight entities) [12]. B. The Cloud Deployment phase In this phase we focus on implementing the strategy developed in the planning phase. Some of the criteria used in recommending a vendor are the vendor's primary service model (i.e., infrastructure, platform, or software). There are following stages-

Fig. 1: Google search trends for the Jan., 2011 to mid Nov., 2011.

Spot points in Figure 1 indicate the release of news related to Cloud computing as follows: (A) Cloud Computing Platform Automates Health Spending for Canadians (B) Centrify Delivers Robust Support for Canonical's New Ubuntu 11.10 Release to Enable Secure Desktop, Server and Cloud Computing (C) World should follow India & Japan in cloud computing: Vivek Kundra (D) The Cloud Computing Market Grows Up (E) Do business leaders understand the scale of cloud computing? (F) Demystifying cloud computing for consumers (G) Domestic cloud computing estimated to grow at 53 Study. Related things to popularity of cloud computing we further discuss in section 4. III. METHODOLOGY AND IMPLEMENTATION Cloud Computing Transition Methodology designed to address the issues and risks associated with migrating an existing system to the cloud is developed. Figure 2 provides an overview of the methodology.

1) Select the Cloud Provider(s): This select/assessment step deals with analyzing the components of the architecture and identifying the optimal vendor offerings. One of the main criteria in selecting a provider is its ability to leverage existing technologies. 2) Establish Service Level Agreements (SLAs): SLAs formalize the contractual agreement between the organization and the selected vendor(s) and will highlight the offerings of the vendor(s), so the expectations on both sides are clear [11]. A typical SLA will identify service levels for the Uptime: The percent of the time that the system will be available (e.g., 99.8%) Performance and throughput Security and Data protection The level of support offered (e.g., 24/6) Guarantee of data protection and privacy when other foreign entities are host Downtime, backup, and recovery, and ensure that objectives and established benchmarks are being met. 3) Execute Transition: The primary steps in execution are to establish multiple environments, such as development, testing, production, and training. It makes actual transition of components identified in earlier steps. Based on the number and type of components that are being ported to the cloud, execution can be an iterative process. 4) Help Desk and O&M: The help centre is the most required for successful execution of any service. In the cloud this is provided by the cloud vendor and may be driven by the selected cloud model(s) and will be determined by the

Fig. 2: Overview of methodology [11] A. Cloud Strategy and Planning phase This phase consist three steps to ensure that all aspects of moving to cloud are appropriately agreed upon. These steps are1) Conduct a strategic plan: The objective of this is to identify the major factors that are appreciate the decision to move the cloud environment and find to best approach. We

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SLAs previously established. Different vendors provide different support models and at different levels. It's important to ensure the kind of essential support functions that will be provided by vendors for successful continuity of operations and to understand how operations will be restored on time at the backup site. After the desired period of a parallel run, and with the primary support of an external consultant update the documentation, best practices and other artifacts so that the in house IT staff can continue with support and operation management on the cloud platform [13]. IV. CURRENT ISSUES The character of cloud computing is its external management concept opens the door for questions about data security and how this process should be managed [14]. Here is a rundown on most of the current issues concerning cloud computing. Attention is required about these for successful use of cloud computing. A. Privacy The most valuable issue is privacy a big issue in deployment of cloud. Cloud computing privacy can be examined within the following three categories: 1) Unintentional user-driven data leaks 2) Lack of controls or protections from the Cloud provider 3) Intentional data leaks for monetary gain An example of Instance when privacy licked such as the secret NSA program, working with AT&T, and Verizon, which recorded over 10 million phone calls between American citizens, causes uncertainty among privacy advocates, and the greater powers it gives to telecommunication companies to monitor user activity [16]. B. Security While a leading edge cloud services provider will employ data storage and transmission encryption, user authentication, and authorization (data access) practices, many people worry about the vulnerability of remote data to such criminals as hackers, thieves, and disgruntled employees. Cloud providers are enormously sensitive to this issue and apply substantial resources to mitigating concern. C. Reliability Some people worry also about whether a cloud service provider is financially stable and whether their data storage system is trustworthy. Most cloud providers attempt to mollify this concern by using redundant storage techniques, but it is still possible that a service could crash or go out of business, leaving users with limited or no access to their data. A diversification of providers can help alleviate this concern, albeit at a higher cost. D. Ownership Once data has been relegated to the cloud, some people worry that they could lose some or all of their rights or be unable to protect the rights of their customers. Many cloud providers are addressing this issue with well-crafted usersided agreements. That said, users would be wise to seek advice from their favorite legal representative. Never use a provider who, in their terms of service, lays any kind of ownership claim over your data.

21 M an us cri E. Data backup pt Cloud providers employ redundant servers and routine rec data backup processes, but some people worry about being eiv able to control their own backups. Many providers are now ed offering data dumps onto media or allowing users to back up Ap data through regular downloads. ril 22 F. Data Portability and Conversion , Some people are concerned that, should they wish to 20 switch providers, they may have difficulty transferring data. 12 Porting and converting data is highly dependent on . the nature of the cloud providers data retrieval format, particular in cases where the format cannot be easily discovered. As service competition grows and open standards become established, the data portability issue will ease, and conversion processes will become available supporting the more popular cloud providers. Worst case, a cloud subscriber will have to pay for some custom data conversion. G. Multiplatform Support More an issue for IT departments using managed services is how the cloud-based service integrates across different platforms and operating systems, e.g. OS X, Windows, Linux and thin-clients. Usually, some customized adaption of the service takes care of any problem. Multiplatform support requirements will ease as more user interfaces become web-based[27]. H. Intellectual Property A company invents something new and it uses cloud services as part of the invention. Is the invention still patentable? Does the cloud provider have any claim on the invention? Can they provide similar services to competitors? All good questions and answerable on a case-by-case basis. Here we purposed some more issue that are also required to attention of cloud actorsI. MisuseAs with privately purchased hardware, crackers posing as legitimate customers can purchase the services of cloud computing for nefarious purposes. This includes password cracking and launching attacks using the purchased services [26]. In 2009, a banking Trojan illegally used the popular Amazon service as a command and control channel that issued software updates and malicious instructions to PCs that were infected by the malware. J. Sovereignty When we are in dispute with the service provider over payments and they won't give our data back, then we dont know which country's court we are going to deal with them in? K. Sustainability Cloud computing is often assumed to be a form of "green computing", there is as of yet no published study to substantiate this assumption [22]. This type of sustains are required to prove. K. Real-Time Processing

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We are required to real time feedback from the services to works that are required to fast accessing. In present time cloud application are required to fast-access internet and required some seconds to give feedback of our request. Fast access is further issue that is relates to real-time accessing. We are recommending solution of this issue that areFirst times when we work on cloud then automatically files that are not relate to security issue are copy to virtual computer system. So, next-time we able to accessing fastaccessing. This thing used in very less organisations and less amount. But this required in much quantity to save. For example graphics files are must be copy as temporary into virtual computer. V. SCENARIO OF CLOUD MARKET According to the research firm Zinnov, the current cloud computing market is $110 Million today with, approximately, 66 Million in the SaaS market dominated by applications such as collaboration apps, CRM and ERP. The remaining $ 44 Million is shared by the PaaS and IaaS. According to Zinnov, the main areas where cloud computing will be used extensively areBanking and Financial sectors Telecom Manufacturing Government If we see web search trend of Google insight then cloud computing most searched term from India with respect to another countries. However, Infrastructure was always a weak point in the Indian market. We suppose that next few years are going to be interesting in the market and see more cloud based vendors coming out of India.

22 M an us cri 1) SaaS market: There CRM, Financial Planning, Human pt Resources, Word processing type of applications are offered rec by the providers. E-mail services also come in SaaS eiv category. Some key things areed Following are some SaaS service providersAp Salesforce.com: Provide call center, incident ril management, complaint tracking, and service portal 22 services. , Emailcloud: Emailcloud is a premium email messaging 20 service provider. This services save you time, 12 bandwidth and the hassle of dealing with email . messaging issues such as spam, viruses, downtime and relaying services [21]. Google Apps: is a service from Google providing independently customizable versions of several Google products under a custom domain name. It features several Web applications with similar functionality to traditional office suites, including: Gmail, Google Groups, Google Calendar, Talk, Docs and Sites. up to march, 2010 25 million people had "switched to Google Apps" According to Google blogs [28]. 2) PaaS market: There application design, application development, testing, deployment and hosting as well as application services such as team collaboration, web service integration and marshalling, database integration, security, scalability, storage, persistence, state management, application versioning, application instrumentation and developer community facilitation type of services provided. Some PaaS service Providers areGoogle AppEngine: Google AppEngine is targeted exclusively at traditional web applications, enforcing an application structure of clean separation between a stateless computation tier and a stateful storage tier. AppEngines impressive automatic scaling and highavailability mechanisms and the proprietary MegaStore data storage available to AppEngine applications, all rely on these constraints. Microsofts Azure are: It is written using the .NET libraries, and compiled to the Common Language Runtime, a language-independent managed environment. Thus, Azure is intermediate between application frameworks like AppEngine and hardware virtual machines like EC2 is the provider of cloud computing as PaaS. Mosso/ Rackspace: The Rackspace Cloud was originally launched as Mosso LLC on March 4, 2006, a wholly owned subsidiary startup billed as a utility computing offering.[2][3] As it pre-dated mainstream adoption of cloud computing it was "retooled" and relaunched on February 19, 2008, adopting the tagline "Mosso: The Hosting Cloud".[4] The "Mosso" branding (including the mosso.com domain) was then dropped on June 17, 2009 in favour of "The Rackspace Cloud" branding (including the rackspacecloud.com domain) [23]. AWS: S3: vCloud is a cloud computing initiative from VMware which will allow customers to migrate work on demand from their "internal cloud" of cooperating VMware hypervisors to a remote cloud of VMware hypervisors. The goal of the initiative is to provide the

Fig. 3: Leading Cloud Computing Providers [23]

The global cloud computing market is expected to grow from $37.8 billion in 2010 to $121.1 billion in 2015 at a CAGR of 26.2% from 2010 to 2015. SaaS is the largest segment of the cloud computing services market, accounting for 73% of the markets revenues 2010. [15] A. Present market status Cloud computing continues to gain more mainstream adoption as more companies move into the cloud. Market growth in different type of cloud service models are follows-

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power of cloud computing with the flexibility allowed by virtualization[23]. 3) IaaS market: The service offers multiple options for computing, memory, network configuration, operating system and Disaster Recovery (DR) to fit clients specific needs. Some IaaS service Providers areFlexiscale: FlexiScale is a complete rebuild of Europes first cloud computing platform using Flexiants revolutionary Extility technology [25]. AWS: EC2 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud delivers scalable, pay-as-you-go compute capacity in the cloud. Amazon EC2 is at one end of the spectrum. An EC2 instance looks much like physical hardware, and users can control nearly the entire software stack, from the kernel upwards. NetMagic Solutions : These provider team monitors all critical parameters related to the performance of the network and the servers being hosted. InstaCompute (from Tata Communications): It provide Pre- or-post-paid payment options. Multiple processing power options. Private or Public Connectivity. InstaCompute changes with our changing requirements. B. Expected Future market status In coming time some hybrid Cloud services are ready to come or newly come in market. Some of the key things are OpenNebula: OpenNebula is an open-source cloud computing toolkit for managing heterogeneous distributed data center infrastructures. The OpenNebula toolkit manages a data center's virtual infrastructure to build private, public and hybrid IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) clouds [24]. Zimory: Zimory's cloud management software can eliminate vendor lock-in and deliver a Cloud service that is tailored to our customer needs. IBM-Juniper Partnership: "Demonstrate how a hybrid cloud could allow enterprises to seamlessly extend their private clouds to remote servers in a secure public cloud.... VMWare VCloud: Federate resources between internal IT and external clouds. Google and IBM plan to roll out a worldwide network of servers for a cloud computing infrastructure. [18] Its Architecture is combination of Open source, Linux hosts, Xen virtualization (virtual machine monitor), and Apache Hadoop (file system). This is open-source software for reliable, scalable, distributed computing as said IBM Tivoli Provisioning Manager [19]. Jonathan Heiliger, Facebook's vice president of technical operations said that-We don't need fancy graphics chips and PCI cards," he said. We need one USB port and optimized power and airflow. Give me one CPU, a little memory and one power supply. If it fails, I don't care. We are solving the redundancy problem in software. [20] VI. CONCLUSION & AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

23 M an us cri There are many benefits of migrate to clouds due to pt outstanding characteristics like Cost savings, power savings, rec green savings, Pay per use, Instant Scalability, Advanced eiv security technologies, Reliability, Broad network access, Virtualization, increased agility in software deployment.ed So, with these lots of characteristics of cloud we able to sayAp this technology are future of computer science development ril and 22 required much and much research. , Hence, developers would be cared to design their next 20 generation of systems to be implemented into Cloud 12 Computing. In general, the importance should be horizontal . scalability to hundreds or thousands of virtual machines over the effectiveness of the system on a single virtual machine. While we are confident about the future of Cloud Computing, we would feel affection for to look into a gemstone sphere to see how popular it is and what it will look like in coming years. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We would like to thank our computer Science Department of PGI for their contributions, insights and support. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions that helped improve this paper.
[1]

[2] [3]

[4]

[5] [6]

[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]

[23] [24] [25] [26]

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www.IJCCET.com [27] http://www.dataplex.com/blog/index.php/2010/01/05/Issues DataPlex_com-blog-.htm [28] http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/03/25-million-people-havegone-google.html [29] Addressing the Issues & challenges in cloud computing by K K Lavania, Ajay Maurya, Nitish Jain, Deepak Mohta at IEEE International Conference at Puducherry-2011 ( ICECCT11) ISBN 978-81-909042-4-7

Ajay Maurya , is Asstt. Prof. in Computer Science Dept. at Poornima Group of Colleges, Jaipur. He has done his Masters in Computer Science and in Computer Application. He is member of Computer Society of India and research scholar from Singhania University.

24 M an us cri pt rec eiv ed Ap ril 22 , 20 12 .

Raksha Naval & Mangilal are student of B.Tech. ( Computer Engg.) at Poornima Group of Institutions, Jaipur.