Design of Columns:

2C 80x40x15x2mm The column is a Symmetrical section with its are stiffened by Lip. This section due to its symmetry the section is not subjected to Torsional buckling and also this column is braced in its plane. Therefore the Column Failure is mainly due to Compressive load.

The section is considered fully Stiffened section. Lx=2940mm Ly =1500mm Since the Column effective length is shortened by Ties, the slenderness ratio is taken according to it KLx / rx = 2940/60 =49. KLy / ry = 1500/ (33.8) =44.3.

For Doubly Symmetric Sections they are not subjected to Torsion Buckling. And also they are braced. The Maximum Axial Load Capacity is given by Fallow=12/23*(Q*fy)-3(Qfy) ^2/ (23*3.14*E) Cc=Sqrt (2*^2*E/fy). The above equation is being taken from IS: 801:1975 which gives the CC Cc=128.2 Since the Section Given is stiffened elements. In the given channel section the Flange portion is fully stiff and whole area can be taken. Whereas web portion only 66 mm is effective as per the code limitations. Therefore Q value reduces to Qs Qs=Aeff/A Qus=Fc/F for Stiffened elements. for Unstiffened Elements. for KL/r <Cc/Sqrt (Q).

From which Q value Reduces to = 0.825

1|Page

The Cc/Sqrt (Q) = 207. KLx / rx and KLy / ry are less the above Value. The above formula is used to calculate the allowable compressive stress. Axial Load Capacity = A*Fallow. Fallow = 97 N/mm2. Axial Capacity = 97*2*381 =73914 N. =73.914 kN.

Axial Capacity of the Column Section is 73 kN.

Analysis Results:
Case 1: DL +LL: Axial Force P = 2 x (1.5 + 0.5) x 1.83 x 3.8 =27 kN Axial Compressive Stress Force, fa = 27*1000/762 = 35 N /mm2 Permissible axial compressive stress, Fa = 97 N/mm2 (Ref -doc) Hence the Column is SAFE in axial load.

Cantilever area walk way Dead load = 0.5 KN/m2 Live load = 1.5 KN/m2 Bending Moment UDL On cantilever beam w = (DL+LL) * 1.82 = (0.5+1.5)*1.82 = 3.64 KN/m Bending moment, M = wl2/2 = 3.64*0.90*0.90/2 = 1.4 kN-m This bending will be transferred to column.

2|Page

Considering 2C 80X40X15X2, Area = 2*381 = 762 mm2 Zxx = 2* 9.3 = 18.6 cm3 Bending compressive stress, Fb =1.4 *1000/18.6 = 76 N/mm2 > 147 Permissible bending compressive stress, Fb= 147 N/mm2 Hence safe in Bending Combined axial compression + bending (Ref: Cl .6.7.1, IS801-1975) fa/Fa + Cmx.Fb/[(1-fa/Fcx)Fbx] Cmx =0.85 Fcx = 12(pi)^2.E/23(kLb/rb)^2 =524.8 N/mm2 Hence (35/97) + [(0.85*76/(1-35/524.8)147] 0.82 > 1 Hence safe in Combined Axial +Bending

3|Page

Design of Compression Chord in Main Beam:

2C 80x40x15x2mm The Main Beam in the structure is a Truss member which is fabricated by keeping maximum length of Individual section 600mm. In truss member the Top chord is subjected to Compressive Load and no bending moment action will take place due to Truss behavior. The maximum compressive force that the Compression chord will be able to take is being calculated using the same procedure above.

Lx=600mm Ly =600mm KLx / rx = 600/60=10 KLy / ry = 600/ (33.8) =17. For Doubly Symmetric Sections they are not subjected to Torsion Buckling. And also they are braced. The Maximum Axial Load Capacity is given by Fallow=12/23*(Q*fy)-3(Qfy) ^2/ (23*3.14*E) Cc=Sqrt (2*^2*E/fy). The above equation is being taken from IS: 801:1975 which gives the CC Cc=128.2 Since the Section Given is stiffened elements. In the given channel section the Flange portion is fully stiff and whole area can be taken. Whereas web portion only 66 mm is effective as per the code limitations. Therefore Q value reduces to Qs Qs=Aeff/A Qus=Fc/F for Stiffened elements. for Unstiffened Elements. for KL/r <Cc/Sqrt (Q).

From which Q value Reduces to = 0.825

4|Page

The Cc/Sqrt (Q) = 207. KLx / rx and KLy / ry are less the above Value. The above formula is used to calculate the allowable compressive stress. Axial Load Capacity = A*Fallow. Fallow = 105 N/mm2. Axial Capacity = 105*2*381 = 80 kN. = 80 KN.

Analysis Results: Loads Taken: The Following loads are applied at each node of the Truss. Reaction from the Secondary Beam = 1.2 kN. Dead Load acting on the Main Beam = 0.5 kN.

From the Analysis of Truss (450 mm Depth) 1. Maximum Compression in the Top Chord (DL + LL) = 47 kN. 2. Maximum Tension in the Bottom Chord (DL + LL) = 47 kN. 3. Maximum Compression in the Vertical (DL +LL) = 10.3 kN.

From the Capacity and Demand Calculation 47 KN < 80 kN. Therefore the Top Chord is SAFE in Compression.

5|Page

Design of Secondary beams: C 80x40x15x2mm The secondary beam is a simply supported beam, which spans between the two main beams. The top of the Beam is restrained Against Lateral Torsional Buckling by Providing Platform Which Provide Adequate Stiffness against Lateral Torsional Buckling. Dead Load: 0.5 kN/m2 Live Load: 1.5 kN/m2 Load Calculation Dead load = 0.63*0.5 = 0.32 kN/m Live Load = 0.63*1.5= 0.95 KN/m

Total Load = 1.27 kN/m Maximum Moment = Wl2/8 = 1.27*1.82/8 = 0.52 KN-m.

Maximum allowable compressive Stress = 3656000/ (h/t)2 = 2285 Mpa Section Modulus Required is = Max Moment/(Allowable Compressive Stress) Allowable Compressive Stress as per Code is Taken as 0.6 fy. Allowable Compressive Stress = 144 Mpa. Section Modulus required is = 0.52 x 106/ 144 =3.61 cm3 The provide Section has Section modulus around 9.3 cm3 > 3.61 cm3 Max Stress in Web Portion = (M/Z) =56 Mpa Max Allowable Shear Stress = 0.4 fy = 96 Mpa.

6|Page

Shear Stress from the Loading = (Shear Force / Area) = (1143/ (132)) (Since only 66 mm is available effectively) =8.7 Mpa. Combined Bending and shear Stress Combined Stress = ((56/144)2+ (8.7/96)2)1/2 = 0.4 < 1.0 Therefore the Beam is Safe against bending and Shear Stress.

Reference: Design of Steel Structures; K.S. Sai Ram; Pearson Education in South Asia-2010. IS: 801: 1975 Code of Practice for use of Cold-Form Light Gauge Steel Structural members in General Building Construction.

7|Page