International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 79 (2002) 493497 www.elsevier.

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Mechanical and thermal stresses in a functionally graded hollow cylinder due to radially symmetric loads
M. Jabbaria, S. Sohrabpourb, M.R. Eslamic,*
a Science and Research Campus, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, 424 Hafez Avenue, 15914 Tehran, Iran b

Received 8 February 2002; revised 1 May 2002; accepted 1 May 2002

Abstract In this paper, a general analysis of one-dimensional steady-state thermal stresses in a hollow thick cylinder made of functionally graded material is developed. The temperature distribution is assumed to be a function of radius, with general thermal and mechanical boundary conditions along the inside and outside surfaces. The material properties, except Poissons ratio, are assumed to depend on variable the r and they are expressed as power functions of r. The direct method is used to solve the heat conduction and Navier equations. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Functionally graded materials; Symmetric thermal stresses; Hollow cylinder

1. Introduction Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are new advanced heat resistant materials that are used in modern technologies as advanced structures. In addition to superb heat properties, they are corrosion and erosion resistant and have high fracture resistance. The basic concept is to mix the ceramic and metal such that the material properties continuously vary from one constituent material to the other. In effect, the governing equations for the temperature and stress distributions are coordinate dependent, as the material properties are functions of position. The analytical solution for the stresses of FGMs in the one-dimensional case for spheres and cylinders are given by Lutz and Zimmerman [1,2]. These authors consider the nonhomogeneous material properties as linear functions of r. The thermal and mechanical stress analysis of these types of structures are sometimes carried out using the theory of laminated composites [3 8]. The material properties are, however, continuous functions of position and therefore there are some objections to the analogy of FGMs with composites. Using perturbation techniques, Obata and Noda presented a solution for the transient thermal stresses in a
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 98-21-640-5844; fax: 98-21-64119736. E-mail address: [email protected] (M.R. Eslami).

plate made of FGM [9]. The same authors used perturbation techniques to derive the thermal stress equations of thick hollow spheres and plates made of FGMs under different assumptions of temperature distributions [10,11]. Obata et al. presented the solution for thermal stresses of a thick hollow cylinder, under a two-dimensional transient temperature distribution, made of FGM [12]. Tanigawa et al. solved the thermal stresses for a slab and a semi-innite body with the assumption that the nonhomogeneous material properties are power functions of the thickness direction (z ) [13 14]. These papers, due to their mathematical limitations, propose a special relation between the power of z in the shear modulus of elasticity Gz and Poissons ratio. This assumption makes it possible to obtain the solution. In the present paper, a direct method of solution of the Navier equation is presented. A thick hollow cylinder of FGM under a one-dimensional steady-state temperature distribution with general types of thermal and mechanical boundary conditions is considered. The FGM properties of the cylinder are assumed to be expressed by power functions in r. None of the limitations considered in previous references [13,14] for the power of material properties are applied in this paper. The Navier equation in terms of displacement is derived and solved analytically by the direct method. By setting the power index constants equal to zero,

0308-0161/02/$ - see front matter q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 3 0 8 - 0 1 6 1 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 4 3 - 1

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the method of solution and the results are reduced to those of thick cylinders of isotropic material.

2. Derivations Consider a thick hollow cylinder of inside radius a and outside radius b made of FGM. The cylinders material is graded through the r-direction, thus the material properties are functions of r. Let u be the displacement component in the radial direction. Then the strain displacement relations are u 1 e rr u0 ; e uu r where 0 denotes differentiation with respect to r. The stress strain relations for plane-strain conditions are

are the power law indices of the material. We may further assume that Poissons ratio is constant. Using relations (1) (5), the Navier equation in term of the displacement is   1 0 nm1 1 00 u m1 1 u 21 2u r 12n r 1 na0 m1 m2 r m2 21 T r m2 T 0 12n 6

3. Heat conduction problem The heat conduction equation in the steady-state condition for the one-dimensional problem in polar coordinates and the thermal boundary conditions for a FGM hollow cylinder are given, respectively, as 1 rkrT 0 r0 0; r
0

srr l 2me rr le uu 2 3l 2maTr; suu l 2me uu le rr 2 3l 2maTr

C11 Ta C12 T 0 a f1 ;

where sij and e ij (i, j r, u ) are the stress and strain tensors, Tr is the temperature distribution determined from the heat conduction equation, a is the coefcient of thermal expansion, and l and m are Lame coefcients related to the modulus of elasticity E and Poissons ratio n as

C21 Tb C22 T b f2 ; a # r # b where k kr is the thermal conduction coefcient, a and b are the inner and outer radii of the hollow cylinder and Cij are the constant thermal parameters related to the conduction and convection coefcients. The constants f1 and f2 are known constants on the inside and outside radii. It is assumed that the nonhomogeneous thermal conduction coefcient kr is a power function of r as kr k0 r m3 8

nE ; 1 n1 2 2n

E 21 n

The equilibrium equation in the radial direction, disregarding the body force and the inertia term, is

s0rr

1 s 2 suu 0 r rr

where k0 and m3 are the material parameters. Using Eq. (8), the heat conduction equation becomes 1 m3 1 0 0 r T r 0 r Integrating Eq. (11) twice yields Tr 2A1 2m3 r A2 m3 10 9

To obtain the equilibrium equation in terms of the displacement component for the FGM cylinder, the functional relationship of the material properties must be known. Since the cylinders material is assumed to be graded along the r-direction, the modulus of elasticity and the coefcient of thermal expansion are assumed to be described with a power law as Er E0 r m1 ;

ar a0 rm2

where E0 and a0 are the material constants and m1 and m2 A1 C21 

Using the boundary conditions (7) to determine the constants A1 and A2 yields 11

C21 f1 2 C11 f2    C11 a2m3 C b2m3 C12 a2m3 1 2 2 C11 C22 b2m3 1 2 21 m3 m3

    C a2m3 C b2m3 C12 a2m3 1 2 11 f2 2 C22 b2m3 1 2 21 f1 m3 m3     A2 C a2m3 C b2m3 C21 C12 a2m3 1 2 11 2 C11 C22 b2m3 1 2 21 m3 m3

12

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4. Solution of the Navier equation Substituting Eq. (10) into Eq. (6) yields   1 nm 1 1 u00 m1 1 u0 21 2u r 12n r A3 r m2 21 A4 r m2 2m3 21 where A3 1 nm1 m2 a0 A2 ; 12n   1 1 n 1 2 aA m1 0 1 A4 1 2 nk0 13

Equating the coefcients of the identical powers yields D1 A3 m2 1m2 m1 1m2 1 ; nm1 21 12n

D2
A4 m2 2 m3 1m2 2 m3 m1 1m2 2 m3 1

nm1 21 12n

21 The complete solution for ur is the sum of the general and particular solutions as 14 ur ug r up r Thus ur B1 r h1 B2 r h2 D1 r m2 1 D2 r m2 2m3 1 23 22

Eq. (13) is the Euler differential equation with general and particular solutions. The general solution is assumed to have the form ug r Br h n Substituting Eq. (15) into Eq. (13) yields 15

Substituting Eq. (23) into Eqs. (1) and (2), the strains and stresses are obtained as

e rr h1 B1 rh1 21 h2 B2 r h2 21 m2 1D1 rm2

e uu B1 rh1 21 B2 rh2 21 D1 rm2 D2 rm2 2m3

nm 1 h m1 h 210 12n
2

Eq. (16) has two real roots h1 and h2 : m 2 1 7 2 m2 nm 1 1 2 1 4 12n !0:5 17

h1;2

Thus the general solution is ug r B1 r h1 B2 r h2 18

26

The particular solution up r is assumed to be of the form up r D1 r m2 1 D2 r m2 2m3 1 Substituting Eq. (19) into Eq. (13) yields  m2 1m2 m1 1m2 1 19

suu


E0 1 n1 2 2n

nh1 1 2 nB1 r h1 m1 21 nh2 1 2 nB2 r h2 m1 21    1 na0 A2 m2 m1 nm2 1D1 2 r m3   1 na0 A1 nm2 2 m3 1D2 m3  r m2 m1 2m3

nm1 21 12n

 D1 r m2 21 m2 2 m3 1m2 2 m3

m1 1m2 2 m3 1

nm1 21 12n

20

27

D2 r m2 2m3 21 A3 r m2 21 A4 r m2 2m3 21

To determine the constants B1 and B2 ; consider the

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Fig. 1. Radial distribution of temperature.

Fig. 2. Radial distribution of radial displacement.

boundary conditions for stresses given by

srr a 2pi ;

srr b 2po

28

Substituting the boundary conditions (28) into Eq. (26), the constants of integration become B1 where d1 1 2 nh1 nah1 m1 21 ; d2 1 2 nh2 nah2 m1 21 ; d3 1 2 nh1 nbh1 m1 21 ; d4 1 2 nh2 nbh2 m1 21 ; d5 21 n1 2 2n pi E0 d4 d5 2 d2 d6 ; d1 d4 2 d2 d3 B2 d1 d6 2 d3 d5 d1 d4 2 d2 d3 29

  1 na0 A2 m2 m1 2 1 2 nm2 1 nD1 2 a m3   1 na0 A1 m2 m1 2m3 2 1 2 nm2 2 m3 1 nD2 ; a m3 d6 21 n1 2 2n po E0

200 GPa and ai 1:2 1026 =8C; respectively. For simplicity of analysis the power law coefcients for k, E and a are considered to be the same, i.e. m1 m2 m3 m: The boundary conditions for temperature are taken as Ta 10 8C and Tb 0 8C: The hollow cylinder has pressure on its inner surface so the boundary conditions for stresses are assumed as srr a 250 MPa; srr b 0 MPa: Figure 1 shows the variations of the temperature along the radial direction for different values of the power law index. The gure shows that as the power law index m increases, the temperature decreased. Fig. 2 shows the plot of the radial displacement along the radius. The magnitude of the radial displacement is decreased as the power index m is increased. The radial and circumferential stresses are plotted along the radial direction and shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The magnitude of the radial stress is increased as m is increased. The hoop stress along the radius decreases for m , 1 (similar to thick cylinders made of isotropic materials), due to the acting internal pressure and zero external pressure. For m . 1; the hoop stress increases as the radius increases, since the modulus of elasticity is an increasing function of the radius, see Eq. (5). Physically, this means that the outer layers of the cylinder are biased to maintain the stress due to their higher stiffness. There is a limiting value for m, where the hoop stress remains almost constant along the radius. For low values of the ratio b/a,

  1 na0 A2 m2 m1 2 1 2 nm2 1 nD1 2 b m3   1 na0 A1 m2 m1 2m3 2 1 2 nm2 2 m3 1 nD2 b m3 30

5. Results As an example, consider a thick hollow cylinder of inner radius a 1 m and outer radius b 1:2 m: Poissons ratio is taken to be 0.3, and the modulus of elasticity and the thermal coefcient of expansion at the inner radius are Ei

Fig. 3. Radial distribution of radial stress.

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[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Fig. 4. Radial distribution of hoop stress.

[7]

such as b=a 1:2; this value of m is about 1. For higher b=a ratios, this condition is achieved for higher values of m. For example, for b=a 5; this condition is reached for m 1:5:

[8]

[9]

6. Conclusions
[10]

This paper presents an analytical solution for the calculation of the axisymmetric thermal and mechanical stresses in a thick hollow cylinder made of FGM. The material properties through the graded direction are assumed to be nonlinear with a power law distribution. The mechanical and thermal stresses are obtained through the direct method of solution of the Navier equation.

[11]

[12]

[13]

References
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